ABSTRACT
Humans are exempt from biology.4PDJBM TDJFOUJTUTXIPTVCTDSJCF UP UIF444. LOPXUIBUCJPMPHZ BOEJUTCSBODIFTMJLF[PPMPHZ PSOJUIPMPHZ FOUPNPMPHZ FUD
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Evolution stops at the neck $BNQCFMM 4PDJBMTDJFOUJTUTJOUIF444. USBEJUJPO XIPBSFCJPQIPCJDBOEEPOPUCFMJFWFJOCJPMPHJDBMJOĚVFODFTPOIVNBO CFIBWJPSBOEDPHOJUJPO OFWFSUIFMFTTBDLOPXMFEHFUIBUIVNBOBOBUPNZIBTCFFO TIBQFECZFWPMVUJPOĉFZSFDPHOJ[FUIBUUIFIVNBOCPEZQBSUT TVDIBTUIFėOHFST BOEUIFUPFT BSFUIFXBZUIFZBSFCFDBVTFPGBMPOHFWPMVUJPOBSZQSPDFTTPGOBUVSBM BOETFYVBMTFMFDUJPO)PXFWFS UIFZDPOUFOEUIBUFWPMVUJPOIBTIBEOPFĎFDUPO UIFDPOUFOUTPGUIFIVNBOCSBJOBOEUIFIVNBONJOEĉJTQSJODJQMFTUBUFTUIBU UIFCSBJOJTBOFYDFQUJPOUPUIFIVNBOCPEZJOUIBU JUIBTnotCFFOTIBQFECZ FWPMVUJPOBSZGPSDFT
Human nature is tabula rasa (a blank slate) 1JOLFS "TBSFTVMUPG1SJODJQMFଙ BCPWF TPDJBMTDJFOUJTUTJOUIF444.USBEJUJPODPOUFOEUIBUIVNBOTBSFCPSOXJUI BNJOEMJLFBCMBOLTMBUF0ODFBHBJO UIFZSFDPHOJ[FUIBUBMMUIFPUIFSTQFDJFTJO OBUVSFIBWFJOOBUFOBUVSFTEPHTIBWFBOJOOBUFEPHOBUVSFXJUIXIJDIUIFZBSF CPSOBOEXIJDINBLFTUIFNCFIBWFNPSFPSMFTTUIFTBNFOPNBĨFSXIFSFUIFZ MJWFPSXIBUUIFJSJOEJWJEVBMMJGFFYQFSJFODFTIBWFCFFO BOEDBUTIBWFBOJOOBUFDBU OBUVSFXJUIXIJDIUIFZBSFCPSOBOEXIJDITJNJMBSMZNBLFTUIFNCFIBWFUIFTBNF CVUEJĎFSFOUGSPNEPHTĉFTBNFHPFTGPSBMMTQFDJFTJOOBUVSF except for humans. )VNBOTEPOPUIBWFBOJOOBUFOBUVSF BTUIFZBSFCPSOXJUINJOETUIBUBSFCMBOL TMBUFT1SJODJQMFଙ MJLF1SJODJQMFଙ JTBHBJOBOFYBNQMFPGIVNBOFYDFQUJPOBMJTN
Human behavior is a product almost entirely of the environment and socialization. "DDPSEJOHUPUIF444. TJODFIVNBOTIBWFOPJOOBUFIVNBOOBUVSFUIBUHVJEFT UIFJSCFIBWJPS UIFDPOUFOUTPGIVNBOOBUVSFNVTUCFXSJĨFOBěFSCJSUIĉF 444.DPOUFOETUIBUUIJTPDDVSTCZBMJGFMPOHQSPDFTTPGTPDJBMJ[BUJPO MFBSOJOH WJBJOTUSVDUJPOT JNJUBUJPO DPQZJOH FUD QSPWJEFECZUIFBHFOUTPGTPDJBMJ[BUJPO QBSFOUT PMEFSTJCMJOHT PUIFSGBNJMZNFNCFST UFBDIFST PUIFSBEVMUTJOTPDJFUZ UIF NFEJB FUD )VNBOTCFDPNFUIFXBZUIFZBSFCFDBVTFPGTPDJBMJ[BUJPOTPDJBMJ[B UJPONBLFTUIFNIVNBO*OQBSUJDVMBS NFOBOEXPNFOBDRVJSFUIFJSUZQJDBMNBMF BOEGFNBMFCFIBWJPSUISPVHIiHFOEFSTPDJBMJ[BUJPOuĉJTJTXIZBOPUIFSOBNFGPS UIF444.JTenvironmentalism..PTUTPDJBMTDJFOUJTUTCFMJFWFUIBUUIFFOWJSPONFOU BOEMJGFFYQFSJFODFTBMNPTUFOUJSFMZTIBQFBOEEFUFSNJOFIVNBOCFIBWJPS
"ENJĨFEMZ UIJTJTBTPNFXIBUTJNQMJėFEWFSTJPOPGUIF444. CVUJUJTOPUGBSPĎUIF NBSL/PUBMMTPDJBMTDJFOUJTUTNBZBHSFFXJUIBMMGPVSUFOFUT CVUNPTUBHSFFXJUINPTU PGUIFNUPBMBSHFFYUFOU BOENBOZBHSFFXJUIBMMPGUIFN &MMJT "DPNQSFIFOTJWF TVSWFZPGJOUSPEVDUPSZUFYUCPPLTJOTPDJPMPHZ GPSFYBNQMF SFWFBMTWFSZDVSTPSZ JGBUBMM BOEPěFOJOBDDVSBUFEJTDVTTJPOPGIVNBOFWPMVUJPOBOEJUTFĎFDUTPOCFIBWJPS .BDIBMFL BOE.BSUJO
*XJMMOPXQSFTFOUBCSJFG JOUSPEVDUJPO UPBOFWPMVUJPOBSZQTZDIPMPHJDBMQFSTQFDUJWF 'VMMFSJOUSPEVDUJPOTUPUIFėFMEBMSFBEZBCPVOE"DBEFNJDSFBEFSTNBZXBOUUPDPOTVMU
#BSLPXFUଙBM #VTT $BSUXSJHIU %BMZBOE8JMTPO BOE,BOB[BXB /POBDBEFNJDQPQVMBS JOUSPEVDUJPOT UP UIFėFME JODMVEF#VTT .JMMFSBOE,BOB[BXB 1JODPĨ 1JOLFS 3JEMFZ BOE 8SJHIU
&WPMVUJPOBSZQTZDIPMPHZ JT UIFTUVEZPGIVNBOOBUVSF8IJMF UIFQISBTFiIVNBO OBUVSFuJTPěFOCBOEJFEBCPVUJODPNNPOEJTDPVSTFUPDPOOPUFTPNFUIJOHFTTFOUJBMCVU PUIFSXJTFVOEFėOFEBCPVUCFJOHIVNBO JUIBTBWFSZTQFDJėDNFBOJOHJOFWPMVUJPOBSZ QTZDIPMPHZ*USFGFSTUPBDPMMFDUJPOPGDPNQPOFOUTJOUIFCSBJODBMMFEevolved psychological mechanisms or psychological adaptations. ĉFUXPUFSNTBSFSPVHIMZTZOPOZNPVTBOE JOUFSDIBOHFBCMF )VNBOOBUVSFJTUIFTVNUPUBMPGTVDIFWPMWFEQTZDIPMPHJDBMNFDIB OJTNT BOEFWPMVUJPOBSZQTZDIPMPHJTUTBJNUPEJTDPWFSNPSFBOENPSFTVDIQTZDIPMPHJDBM BEBQUBUJPOTJOIVNBOT8IBU UIFO JTBOFWPMWFEQTZDIPMPHJDBMNFDIBOJTN
"OBEBQUBUJPO JT BQSPEVDUPG FWPMVUJPOCZOBUVSBM BOE TFYVBM TFMFDUJPO/BUVSBM TFMFDUJPO JT UIFQSPDFTTXIFSFCZTPNF JOEJWJEVBMT MJWF MPOHFS UIBOPUIFST BOETFYVBM TFMFDUJPOJTUIFQSPDFTTXIFSFCZTPNFJOEJWJEVBMTMFBWFNPSFPĎTQSJOH PSDPQJFTPGUIFJS HFOFT UIBOPUIFST/BUVSBMTFMFDUJPOJTBNBĨFSPGTVSWJWBMTFYVBMTFMFDUJPOJTBNBĨFS of reproductive success.
