ABSTRACT
ORGANIZATIONSANDTHEIRRECRUITMENTCAPACITIES0EDAHZURPROPOSESAN ANALYTICALTHREE STAGEMODELINWHICHSUICIDETERRORISMISEXPLAINED THROUGH THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE DECISIONMAKING AMONG THE ELITESOFTERRORISTORGANIZATIONSTHEMILITANTSINDIVIDUALMOTIVATIONS ANDTHEORGANIZATIONALPROCESSOFRECRUITMENTANDSOCIALIZATIONOFTHE TERRORISTS
*IHADISTGROUPSHAVEALIFECYCLEOFTHEIROWN2EPRESSIONAND PREVENTIONOPERATEINTHELONGTERMBUTONCEAGROUPISBUILTUP ITBECOMESINDEPENDENTOFTHEEXTERNALWORLD/NCETHEGROUPHAS BEENDECLAREDILLEGALBYTHEAUTHORITIESTHEMEMBERSCLANDESTINELIVES SEPARATETHEMFROMTHEOUTSIDEWORLD&ORTHEMOSTDETERMINEDONES PRESERVINGTHEEXISTENCEOFTHEGROUPASSUCHBECOMESTHEMAJORPER HAPSSOLEPURPOSE4HEREFOREhDORMANTvCELLSIN%UROPEORELSEWHERE BECOMEDANGEROUSBECAUSETHEIRACTIVEMEMBERSINTENDTOMAINTAIN THEGROUPINITSUNDERGROUNDLIFE
%CONOMIC)SSUESAND*IHADIST-OVEMENTS
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4HE ECONOMIC VARIABLE CANNOT BE NEGLECTED IN *IHADISM AL THOUGHITSROLEASWESHALLSEEHASTOBECONTEXTUALIZEDINTHE7EST ASINTHE-USLIMWORLD3TILLECONOMYISEMBEDDEDINCULTUREAND SOCIETYANDEXPLANATIONSGIVINGPRIMACYTOECONOMICSDONOTEXPLAIN WHYINSOMANYOTHERSOCIETIESTHESAMEECONOMICVARIABLESDONOT GIVEBIRTHTOTHESAMETYPEOFRADICALACTION"YIGNORINGTHEROLEOF )SLAMASACULTUREANDARELIGIONTHESESTUDIESGIVEATBESTAONE SIDED ACCOUNTOF*IHADISM
3OCIOLOGICALSTUDIESTHROWLIGHTONTHEROLEOFECONOMICMAR GINALIZATIONCOMBINEDWITHCULTURALFACTORSTOEXPLAINTERRORISMFOR EXAMPLE IN THECASEOF THE3PANISHENCLAVESOF#EUTAAND-ELILLA IN.ORTH!FRICA4HECULTURETHATCANPROMOTETERRORISMALONGSIDE ECONOMICEXCLUSIONISTHESO CALLEDhBROKENWINDOWSvTHEEXCLUDED BELIEVE THAT EVERYTHING IS ALLOWED IN THE ABSENCE OF INSTITUTIONAL CONTROLANDFRAGILEINTERCULTURALLINKSWITH3PANISH#HRISTIANS)NTHIS SITUATIONACULTUREOFURBANVIOLENCEDEVELOPSAMONGADOLESCENTS
#ULTUREAND2ELIGION
"ESIDEQUANTITATIVEANDMICRO LEVELSTUDIESOTHERSSTRESSTHEROLEOF CULTURERELIGIONANDMACRO LEVELPHENOMENALIKEGLOBALIZATIONAND INTERNATIONALPOLITICSASWELLASTHEMEDIATOEXPLAIN*IHADISM-OR GANMENTIONSTHEEMERGENCEOFRELIGIOUSANDMILLENARIANTERRORISTS INCONTRASTTOPOLITICALTERRORISTSWHOMADEUPTHEhOLDTERRORISMv %SPOSITOREFERSTORELIGIONASANINDIGENOUSMIND SETTHATPOPULATIONS WILLUNDERSTANDBETTERTHAN7ESTERNFRAMESWHICHARELARGELYALIEN TOTHEMEVENTHOUGHTHEIROBJECTIVESAREPURELYPOLITICAL-ICHELIN THESSTRESSEDTHEFACTTHATGLOBALIZATIONINDUCEDAPOLITICALCRISIS ANDTHEREFORETHERELIGIOUSFRAMEISMOREANDMOREUSEDTOCOMPEN SATEFORTHEVACUUMTHUSCREATED0EDAHZUR%UBANKAND7EINBERG BELIEVETHATTHEVARIETYOFCAUSESFORTERRORISMHASDECREASEDINTHELAST DECADE3OCIALREVOLUTIONARYSECULARNATIONALISTANDRADICALRIGHT WING ORGANIZATIONSAND IDEOLOGIESHAVEGIVENWAYTOORGANIZATIONSWITH RELIGIOUSLYGROUNDEDAGENDASINPARTICULAR)SLAMISTS
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LEADTO*IHADISMWITHOUTTHEIDEOLOGICALANDHISTORICALBACKGROUND THATMAKESITPERTINENTTOVIOLENTMOBILIZATION
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(OFSTEDEPROPOSESAlVE FACTORMODELOFCULTURALFEATURESTHAT MIGHT FAVOR TERRORISMPOWERDISTANCE LACKOF INDIVIDUALISMMAS CULINITYUNCERTAINTYAVOIDANCEANDLONG TERMORIENTATION)N!RAB COUNTRIESTHEREAREHIGHLEVELSOFPOWERDISTANCEUNCERTAINTYAVOIDANCE ANDMASCULINITYANDALOWDEGREEOFINDIVIDUALISM)NTHESEEXPLANA TIONSCULTURELOOMSJUSTIlABLYLARGEBUTTHELACKOFANINTEGRATEDVIEW ANDTHEDISSECTIONOFTHECULTUREINTOSEPARATECHARACTERISTICSMAKETHE ISSUEATBESTABSTRACT)SLAMICCULTUREHASTOBETAKENINTOACCOUNTIN ITSHISTORICALCONTINUITYINTHE-USLIMWORLDANDITSDISCONTINUITYIN THE7ESTANDONLYAPHENOMENOLOGICALVIEWCANBINDTHESEDIMEN SIONSTOGETHERINTOAMEANINGFULWHOLE
7HYDOES*IHADISTIDEOLOGYlNDSYMPATHYWITHINSIZEABLEMI NORITIESAMONG-USLIMSIN%UROPE&OR0AZGLOBAL*IHADHASBEENA SUCCESSFULATTEMPTTHATHASENABLEDMILLIONSOF-USLIMYOUNGSTERSTO CREATEANEWSENSEOFIDENTITYASMEMBERSOFTHEWORLDWIDE5MMA #OOLSAETlNDSTHATWITHINIMMIGRANT-USLIMCOMMUNITIESIN%UROPE RIGIDINTERPRETATIONSOF)SLAMMAINLYBYORGANIZATIONSLIKE4ABLIGH AND3ALAlSTS PROVIDEASETOFCREDIBLERULESINTIMESOFRAPIDCHANGE )N%UROPE0ETERSENPLACES THE JUSTIlCATION FORVIOLENCEWITHIN THE HISTORYOF)SLAMICACTIVISMSINCETHES3ALAlSMOROTHERSIMILAR CURRENTSREJECTTHEINTEGRATIONOF-USLIMSINHOSTSOCIETIESAIMATTHE CREATIONOFAN)SLAMICSTATEIN%UROPEANDPROVIDEJUSTIlCATIONSFOR TERRORISM4HESESTUDIESUNDERLINETHEIMAGINEDUTOPIANDIMENSION OF*IHADISMANDTHEREFERENCETOANEWTYPEOFEFFERVESCENT)SLAMIC COMMUNITYTHATlLLSTHEVACUUMCREATEDBYRAPIDCHANGE3TILLTHE NATUREOFTHISNEW5MMAANDITSEMBEDDEDNESSINTHETWOWORLDSOF *IHADTHE7ESTANDTHE-USLIMWORLD REMAINPROBLEMATIC
2ATIONAL#HOICE4HEORY
2ATIONALCHOICETHEORYPROPONENTSHAVEALSOTRIEDTOMAKESENSEOF TERRORISTACTIONITISACONSCIOUSCALCULATEDANDRATIONALDECISIONTO MAKETHISTYPEOFACTIONTHEOPTIMUMSTRATEGYTOACCOMPLISHCERTAIN SOCIO POLITICALGOALS-ANYSCHOLARSTRYTODETERMINEWHETHER*IHAD IST SUICIDE BOMBERS ARE RELIGIOUS ZEALOTS ANDUNBRIDLED IRRATIONAL RADICALSORWHETHERTHEIRACTIONISMOTIVATEDBYALOGICTHATCANBE EXPLAINEDINRATIONALTERMS!CCORDINGTOONEVIEWSUICIDEBOMBERS lGHTANUNEQUALWARWITHANADVERSARYTHATISMUCHMOREPOWERFUL 4HEYINmUENCETHEIROPPONENTANDPUBLICOPINIONINAWAYTHATCAN AT LEASTSYMBOLICALLYGIVETHEMSOMEADVANTAGEAGAINSTTHEENEMY 4HEYRECRUITASWELLTHROUGHTHEMECHANISMOFSELF SACRIlCEANDPUSH THEMOREPOWERFULENEMYINTOASITUATIONINWHICHITMIGHTNOTBE READY TO SACRIlCEASMUCHAS THE SUICIDEBOMBERS(UMANBOMBS AREALSOLOW COSTANDGIVEANADVANTAGETOTHEWEAKERPARTYTOlGHT THESTRONGERENEMYWITHMEAGERMEANS)NTHISRESPECTANDINMANY OTHERSONEMIGHTSURMISETHAT*IHADISTSUICIDEACTIONSAREhRATIONALv ANDBASEDONASTRATEGICANDTACTICALVIEWTHATYIELDSITSOWNLOGIC 2ELIGIONISTHUSINSTRUMENTALIZEDINORDERTOGIVESENSETOTHISTYPE OFRATIONALITY
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PERVERTEDSENSEOFLIFETHATAREDIFlCULTTOENTIRELYEXPLICATEUSINGRA TIONALCHOICETHEORY/RGANIZATIONALLYITISTRUETHATMARTYRDOMAND *IHADAREWEAPONSOFTHEPOORAGAINSTASTRONGERANDRICHERENEMYBUT THOSEWHOACCEPTDEATHACTTHROUGHALOGICOFDEEPCONVICTIONTHAT GOESBEYONDANYKINDOFUTILITYAPPRAISAL4HESUBJECTIVESIDEHASTO BEUNDERSTOODCULTURALLYPOLITICALLYPSYCHOLOGICALLYANDSOCIALLYAND THEFRAMEWORKOFRATIONALCHOICETHEORYISTOORESTRICTIVETOPERMIT THISTYPEOFCOMPLEXEXPLANATION
.OTES
