ABSTRACT
In an excellent article comprising an integration of the ideas of Darwin, Hayek and Boulding, Marmefelt (2009) begins by noting that for most in the field of social sciences, “the label Darwinian often means a biological explanation of social phenomena” (p.62). For instance, evolutionary psychology treats the evolution of the brain as the result of natural selection. Hayek and Boulding point to the evolution of culture in terms of learning, setting and observing man-made rules for evolution to proceed in an orderly fashion. The humans have evolved from actions based on instincts to actions subject to socially accepted norms and rules. This social or societal evolution is not the same as biological evolution. In that sense, it is evolution beyond the physical.
