Cross-Cultural Leadership

All human societies are organized based on hierarchy. Leadership emerges spontaneously and quickly, serving to reap the benefit of being in a highly coordinated and cohesive group. ¹ That is why hierarchy is a universal dimension of human relationships ² and a major concept in intercultural communication. It was named “relation to authority” by Inkeles and Levinson, ³ “lineal” versus “collateral” by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck, ⁴ “power distance” by Hofstede, ⁵ and “achievement” versus “ascription” by Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner. ⁶