ABSTRACT
In the constructions made by nanofibers, the high volume-to-weight ratio, soft handling, and high strength to form a barrier to microorganisms and small particles are the main reasons for using them in many applications. These advantages of nanofibers make them sparingly appealing for a broad array of potential applications in many industry segments. Nanofiber applications are shown in Fig. 2.1 and in Table 2.1. Electrospun polymers from solution https://www.niso.org/standards/z39-96/ns/oasis-exchange/table"> Polymer M w Solvent % Application 1 Nylon-6,6,-polyamide-(PA-6,6) FA 10 wt.% Protective clothing 2 Polyurethane, PU DMF 10 wt.% Protective clothing DMF 10 wt.% Electret filter 3 Polybenzimidazole, PBI DMAc 10 wt.% Protective clothing, reinforced composites 4 Polycarbonate, PC DMF:THF (1:1) (1:1) 10–15 wt.% Protective clothing DCM 15 wt.% Sensor, filter M w = 60,000 CHCl3, THF DMF:THF (1:1) 20 wt.% Electret filter 6 Polyacrylonitrile, PAN DMF 6–15 wt.% Textile coating DMF Carbon nanofiber 7 Poly(vinyl alcohol), PVA M n= 65,000 H2O 8–16 wt.% 4–10 wt.% M n= 150,000 1–10 wt.% 8 Poly(lactic acid), PLA poly(d,l-lactic acid) M w= 100,000 DCM and DMF Membrane for prevention of surgery induced-adhesion poly(l-lactic acid) M n = 150,000 DCM 5 wt.% Sensor, filter M w= 205 kDa 14 wt.% Drug delivery system 9 Poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate) PEVA M w = 60.4 kDa 14 wt.% Drug delivery system 10 PEVA/PLA PEVA/PLA=50/50 14 wt.% Drug delivery system 11 Poly(methyl methacrylate), (PMMA)/tetrahydro-perfluoro-octylacrylate (TAN) 0%–10% TAN DMF: toluene (1:9) 12 Poly(ethylene oxide), PEO M w = 400,000 and 2,000,000 H2O [IP: H2O (6:1) M :300K] 7–10 wt.% M= 9.105–1.106 H2O and ETOH or NaCl, H2O: ETOH(3:2) 1–4.3 wt.% Micro-electronic wiring, interconnects M w= 300,000 H2O, CHCl3, acetone, IP M n= 58,000–100,000 1–10 wt.% IP+ H2O, 10 wt.% Electret filter M= 100 K to 2 M CHCl3 0.5–30 wt.% 13 Collagen-PEO Purified collagen, M w= 900 kDa HCl 1–2 wt.% Wound healing, tissue engineering, hemostatic agents PEO: M n = 900,000 HCl (pH =2.0) 1 wt.% Wound healing, tissue engineering 14 Polyaniline (PANI)/PEO blend CHCl3 Conductive fiber CSA 2 wt.% Conductive fiber PANI: M w = 120 kDa, PEO: M w = 900 kDa, PANI/CSA/PEO: 11–50 wt.% CHCl3 2–4 wt.% Conductive fiber 15 PANI/polystyrene (PS) CHCl3 Conductive fiber CSA 2 wt.% Conductive fiber 16 Silk-like polymer-with fibronectin functionality FA 0.8–16.2 wt.% Implantable device 17 Poly(vinyl carbazole) M w= 1,100,000 DCM 7.5 wt.% Sensor, filter 18 Poly(ethyleneterephthalate), PET M w=20,000 10,000– DCM and trifluoracetic 4 wt.% DCM:trifluoroacetic acid (1:1) 12–18 wt.% 19 Poly(acrylic acid)–poly(pyrene methanol), PAA-PM M w= 50,000 DMF Optical sensor 20 Polystyrene, PS M w= 190,000–280,000 THF, DMF, CS2, toluene, 15–35 wt.% Flat ribbons, catalyst, filter M= 200 kDa MEK 8% Enzymatic biotrans-formation CHCl3, DMF 2.5%–10.7% M w= 280,000/M w= 28,000: 90/1 to 90/10 ratios THF 15 wt.% Catalyst, filter 21 Poly(methylmethacrylate), PMMA M w= 540,000 THF, ACTN, CHCl3 22 PA DMAc Glass fiber filter media 23 Silk/PEO blend M w(PEO) = 900,000 Silk/H2O 4.8–8.8 wt.% Biomaterial scaffolds 24 Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), PVP M w= 20,000, 100,000 THF 20, 60% (w/v) Antimicrobial agent 25 Poly(vinyl chloride), PVC THF/DMF=100/0, to 0/100 (vol.%) 10–15 wt.% 26 Cellulose acetate, CA ACTN, HOAc, DMAc 12.5%–20% Membrane 27 Mixture of polyacrylic acid–poly(pyrene methanol) and polyurethane DMF 26 wt.% Optical sensor 28 Polyvinylalcohol (PVA)/Silica, PVA: M n = 86,000, silica content (wt.%): 0, 22–59 H2O 30 PLGA PLGA(PLA/PGA) = (85/15) THF:DMF (1:1) 1 g/20 mL 31 Collagen HFIP 32 Poly(ε-caprolactone), PCL CHCl3: MEOH (3:1) toluene:MEOH (1:1), &CH2Cl2:MEOH (3:1) 33 Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), HEMA M= 200,000 ETOH:FA(1:1), ETOH 12, 20 wt.%/8, 16, 20 wt.% 34 Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF M= 107,000 DMF:DMAc (1/1) 20 wt.% 35 Polyether imide, PEI HFIP 10 wt.% 36 Poly(ethylene glycol), PEG M= 10 kDa CHCl3 0.5–30 wt.% 37 Nylon-4,6, PA-4,6 FA 10 wt.% 38 Poly(ferrocenyl-dimethylsilane), PFDMS M w= 87,000 THF:DMF (9:1) 30 wt.% 39 Nylon-6 (PA-6)/Montmorillonite (Mt) Mt content = 7.5 wt.% HFIP, HFIP/DMF:95/5 (wt.%) 10 wt.% 40 Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) Vinyl alcohol repeat unit: 56–71 mole% IP/H2O : 70/30 (%v/v) 2.5–20% (w/v) 41 Acrylonitrile copolymers with BuA, MA, MMA 44,45 DMF 6–15 wt.% Source: Reproduced with permission from Ref. 9. Copyright © 2003 Elsevier Ltd. Note: DMAc: dimethylacetamide; DMF: N,N-dimethylformamide; HFIP: hexafluoroisopropanol; IP: isopropanol; FA: formic acid; MEK: methylethylketone; ETOH: ethanol; HOAc: acetic acid; ACTN: acetone; CS2: carbon disulfide; CSA: camphor sulfonic acid. Nanofiber applications. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315364933/ba10d822-0bbf-4ec9-a4f7-94f9a4188155/content/fig2_1_OB.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
