ABSTRACT
All studies included in this book investigated pesticide occurrence in one or more water column matrix (water, suspended solids, surface microlayer, and dissolved organic carbon). Studies reviewed are summarized in Tables 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3 (located at end of chapter), according to three main categories: (1) national and multistate monitoring studies, (2) state and local monitoring studies, and (3) process and matrix distribution studies. National and multistate monitoring studies reviewed
Study
Sites
Samples
Reference(s)
Matrix
Sampling dates
Location(s)
Compounds
Detection limit(s) (μg/L)
Number of sites
Percent of sites with detections
Number of samples
Percent of samples with detections
Maximum concentration (μg/L)
Comments
Weaver and others, 1965
w
9/64
United States: 96 sites on rivers throughout the United States and on the Great Lakes
Dieldrin
0.002–0.01
96
74
96
74
0.07
FWQA study (then called Public Health Service). Synoptic survey of rivers throughout the United States. One sample taken at each site in September 1964 during low flow. Compounds estimated to constitute >60 percent of chlorinated pesticide use at the time. Data are analyzed in terms of geographic distribution. Generally, higher levels of chlorinated pesticides were observed in the North Atlantic, lower Mississippi, and California basins.
Endrin
0.002–0.01
96
46
96
46
>0.09
DDT
0.002–0.01
96
44
96
44
0.087
DDE
0.002–0.01
96
39
96
39
0.018
DDD
0.075
96
1
96
1
0.083
Aldrin
0.002–0.01
96
10
96
10
0.085
Heptachlor
0.002–0.01
96
17
96
17
tr
Hept. epox.
0.075
96
0
96
0
no det.
HCH
0.025
96
2
96
2
tr
Breidenbach and others, 1967
w
1957–65
United States: 99 sites on rivers throughout the United States and on the Great Lakes
Dieldrin
0.002
99
47
99
47
0.1
FWQA study (then called Federal Water Pollution Control Administration). Synoptic survey of rivers throughout the United States in 1965, and summary of data from previous sampling, 1957–65. Concentration data and detection frequency shown for 1965 survey. One sample taken at each site in September 1965 during low flow. Compounds constituted >60 percent of chlorinated pesticide use. Endrin and dieldrm detections decreased from 1964 synoptic survey. DDT group essentially unchanged. Endrin occurrence in lower Mississippi declined after reaching maximum in autumn of 1963.
Endrin
0.002
99
16
99
16
0.12
DDT
0.002
99
25
99
25
0.15
DDE
0.002
99
5
99
5
0.009
DDD
0.002
99
17
99
17
0.026
Aldrin
0.002
99
0
99
0
no det.
Heptachlor
0.002
99
24
99
24
0.16
Hept. epox.
0.002
99
25
99
25
0.067
HCH
0.002
99
5
99
5
0.004
Brown and Nishioka, 1967
w
10/65–9/66 (monthly)
Western United States: 11 sites on major rivers
Aldrin
0.005
11
36
128
3
0.005
USGS western streams study. Data from 10/65 to 9/66 for 11 sites on streams throughout the western United States.
DDD
0.005
11
55
128
10
0.015
DDE
0.005
11
64
128
14
0.02
DDT
0.01
11
82
128
11
0.11
Dieldrin
0.005
11
91
128
23
0.015
Endrin
0.005
11
45
128
6
0.04
Heptachlor
0.005
11
73
128
11
0.015
Hept. epox.
0.005
11
100
128
16
0.09
Lindane
0.005
11
100
128
36
0.02
2,4,-D
0.1
11
0
62
0
no det.
2,4,5-T
0.005
11
0
62
0
no det.
Silvex
0.005
11
0
62
0
no det.
Green and others, 1967
w
9/66
United States:109 sites on rivers throughout the United States and on the great Lakes
Dieldrin
0.002
109
60
109
60
0.17
FWQA study (then called Federal Water Pollution Control Administration). Synoptic survey of rivers throughout the United States. One sample taken at each site in September 1966 during low flow. Compounds constituted >60 percent of chlorinated pesticide use. Dieldrin continues to dominate detections. Endrin levels decreased from 1964 synoptic survey, but increased slightly from 1965 survey. Heptachlor detections down significantly from 1965 survey. Detections most common in the Northeast and Mississippi River Valley. Evidence that impoundments result in lower levels of organo-chlorines in downstream waters because of sedimentation.
Endrin
0.002
109
25
109
25
0.069
DDT
0.002
109
30
109
30
0.12
DDE
0.002
109
10
109
10
0.004
DDD
0.002
109
50
109
50
0.013
Aldrin
0.002
109
1
109
1
tr
Heptachlor
0.002
109
1
109
1
0.004
Hept. epox.
0.002
109
20
109
20
0.019
HCH
0.002
109
16
109
16
0.13
Chlordane
0.001–0.005
109
6
109
6
0.075
Manigold and Schulze, 1969
w
1966–68
Western united states:20 sites on major rivers and irrigation canals
Aldrin
0.005
20
40
−330
3
0.04
USGS western streams study. Summary of data from 10/66 to 9/67.
DDD
0.005
20
45
−330
10
0.04
DDE
0.005
20
45
−330
15
0.06
DDT
0.005
20
90
−330
25
0.09
Dieldrin
0.005
20
60
−330
7
0.07
Endrin
0.005
20
20
−330
1
0.07
Heptachlor
0.005
20
55
−330
8
0.04
Hept. epox.
0.005
20
10
−330
0.6
0.04
Lindane
0.005
20
30
−330
2
0.02
2,4-D
0.02
20
70
−330
12
0.35
2,4,5-T
0.005
20
45
−330
8
0.07
Silvex
0.005
20
25
−330
4
0.21
Schafer and others, 1969
w
1964–67
Mississippi and Missouri Rivers
Aldrin
0.06
6
83
67
39
nr
Study to establish methods for organo-chlorines in surface waters and finished drinking water. Samples of raw and finished drinking water taken at 10 sites along Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. Detection frequencies shown are for raw river water. Detection frequency in finished water samples was zero for toxaphene and methoxychlor; 10 to 25 percent for aldrin, endrin, chlordane, DDE, and DDT; and 40 to 75 percent for dieldrin and the HCHs.
d
Endrin
0.06
6
67
67
7
nr
Dieldrin
0.1
6
83
67
43
nr
HCH (α, β, δ)
0.06
6
100
34
85
nr
Lindane
0.06
6
100
34
74
nr
Methox.
2.5
6
0
67
0
nr
Chlordane
0.12
6
50
46
24
nr
Heptachlor
0.1
6
33
67
3
nr
DDE (p,p′)
0.5
6
100
67
22
nr
DDT (p,p′)
0.5
6
100
67
22
nr
Toxaphene
0.1
6
33
67
7
nr
2.5
6
0
67
0
nr
Lichtenberg and others, 1970
w
1964–68
United States: ∼100 sites throughout the United States, mostly on rivers
Dieldrin
0.001–0.002
−100
nr
529
38
0.41
FWQA study. Summary of data for 1964-68.Detailed da a reported for 1967–68 only. Percent detections shown reflect 5-year totals. Organophosphates included in 1967–68 data only; some question about applicability of method. Marked decrease in detections of most organochlorines observed after peak in 1966.
Endrin
0.001–0.002
−100
nr
529
13
0.13
DDT
0.001–0.002
−100
nr
529
16
0.32
DDE
0.001–0.002
−100
nr
529
5
0.05
DDD
0.001–0.002
−100
nr
529
13
0.84
Aldrin
0.001–0.002
−100
nr
529
<1
0.09
Heptachlor
0.001–0.002
−100
nr
529
3
0.05
Hept. epox.
0.001–0.002
−100
nr
529
5
0.07
Lindane
0.001–0.002
−100
nr
529
2
0.02
HCH
0.001–0.002
−100
nr
529
7
0.11
Chlordane
0.005
−100
nr
529
<1
0.17
M. parathion
0.01–0.025
−100
0
529
0
no det.
Parathion
0.01–0.025
−100
0
529
0
no det.
Fenthion
0.01–0.025
−100
0
529
0
no det.
Ethion
0.01–0.025
−100
0
529
0
no det.
Malathion
0.01–0.025
−100
0
529
0
no det.
Carbophenothion
0.01–0.025
−100
0
529
0
no det.
Schulze and others, 1973
w
10/68-9/71
Western United States: 20 sites on major rivers
Aldrin
0.005
20
5
600
0.2
0.01
USGS western streams study. Summary of data for 1968–71. Marked decrease in detections of insecticides between 1968 and 1971. Phenoxy herbicide detections peaked in 1969, then declined by ∼50 percent by 1971.
DDD
0.005
20
55
600
8
0.08
DDE
0.005
20
40
600
11
0.1
DDT
0.005
20
90
600
16
0.46
Dieldrin
0.005
20
45
600
6
0.03
Endosulfan
0.005
20
5
600
0.2
0.02
Endrin
0.005
20
5
600
0.5
0.03
Heptachlor
0.005
20
0
600
0
no det.
Hept. epox.
0.005
20
0
600
0
no det.
Lindane
0.005
20
55
600
7
0.16
Chlordane
0.1
20
5
600
0.02
0.02
Toxaphene
0.5–1.0
20
0
600
0
no det.
2,4-D
0.02
20
90
600
17
0.99
Silvex
0.005
20
55
600
8
0.14
2,4,5-T
0.005
20
100
600
18
0.4
M. parathion
0.01
20
20
∼385
2
1
Parathion
0.01
20
15
∼385
1
0.16
Diazinon
0.01
20
25
∼385
2
0.1
Malathion
0.01
20
0
∼285
0
no det.
Glooschenko and others, 1976
f
1974
Upper Great Lakes: 17 sites, Lake Superior; 2 sites North Channel; 5 sites, Georgian Bay; 9 sites, Lake Huron
Lindane
0.005
33
100
33
100
no det.
Water, seston, and sediments were analyzed at 33 locations. Water contained no analytes above the indicated detection limits. Seston contained traces of dieldrin at 24 of 31 sites and DDE at 12 of 33 sites. Traces of dieldrin, and measurable amounts of DDD, DDE, and DDT were detected in sediments at 1 to 13 sites. None of the organophosphorus compounds were detected in any of the media.
s
summer
(tr)
(tr)
Heptachlor
0.005
33
3 (tr)
33
3 (tr)
no det.
Hept. epox.
0.005
33
0
33
0
no det.
Dieldrin
0.005
33
3 (tr)
33
3 (tr)
no det.
Aldrin
0.005
33
0
33
0
no det.
Endrin
0.01
33
0
33
0
no det.
DDE (p,p′)
0.005
33
3 (tr)
33
3 (tr)
no det.
DDD (p,p′)
0.005
33
0
33
0
no det.
DDT (p,p′)
0.005
33
0
33
0
no det.
DDT (o,p)
0.005
33
0
33
0
no det.
Chlordane (α)
0.010
33
0
33
0
no det.
Chlordane (γ)
0.010
33
0
33
0
no det.
Endosulfan (α)
0.010
33
0
33
0
no det.
Endosulfan (β)
0.010
33
0
33
0
no det.
Methox. (p,p′)
0.010
33
0
33
0
no det.
Phorate
0.003
33
0
33
0
no det.
Diazinon
0.005
33
0
33
0
no det.
Disulfoton
0.003
33
0
33
0
no det.
Ronnel
0.005
33
0
33
0
no det.
M. parathion
0.005
33
0
33
0
no det.
Malathion
0.005
33
0
33
0
no det.
Parathion
0.005
33
0
33
0
no det.
Crufomate
0.025
33
0
33
0
no det.
M. trithion
0.01
33
0
33
0
no det.
Ethion
0.005
33
0
33
0
no det.
Carbophenothion
0.01
33
0
33
0
no det.
Imidan
0.05
33
0
33
0
no det.
Azinphos-m.
0.05
33
0
33
0
no det.
Azinphos-ethyl
0.05
33
0
33
0
no det.
Phosphamidon
0.03
33
0
33
0
no det.
Dimethoate
0.005
33
0
33
0
no det.
Fenitrothion
0.005
33
o
33
0
no det.
Cole and others, concentra 1983; Cole and others, 1984
w
1980–82
United States: 21 cities (17 included in report)
Acrolein
nr
17
nr
∼121
nr
no det.
Survey of priority pollutant concentrations in urban runoff from cities across the United States. Data shown are from final report (Cole and others, 1984). Detection limits not reported.
Aldrin
nr
17
18
∼121
6
0.1
Chlordane
nr
17
24
42
17
10.0
1980–83
DDD
nr
17
0
∼121
0
no det.
DDE
nr
17
6
∼121
6
0.027
DDT
nr
17
6
∼121
1
0.1
Dieldrin
nr
17
12
∼121
6
0.1
Endosulfan (α)
nr
17
18
49
19
0.2
Endosulfan (β)
nr
17
0
∼121
0
no det.
Endosulfan
nr
17
0
∼121
0
no det.
sulfate
Endrin
nr
17
0
∼121
0
no det.
Endrin aldehyde
nr
17
0
∼121
0
no det.
HCH (α)
nr
17
24
106
20
0.1
HCH (β)
nr
17
12
∼121
5
0.1
HCH (δ)
nr
17
12
∼121
6
0.1
Lindane
nr
17
24
100
15
0.1
Heptachlor
nr
17
18
∼121
6
0.1
Hept. epox.
nr
17
12
∼121
2
0.1
Toxaphene
nr
17
0
∼121
0
no det.
Gilliom and others, 1985
w
1975–80 quarterly (nov, feb, may, Aug)
United states: 160 to 180 sites on major rivers throught the unitied states
Aldrin
0.01
177
2.3
2,946
0.2
nr
USGS nationwide study of pesticides in major rivers of the United States. Water sampled four times per year and bed sediments two times per year. Less than 10 percent of samples contained detectable levels of any of the analytes. This was partly due to high detection limits in this study. Much lower detection frequencies than in the 1968–71 study (Schulze and others, 1973). Gradual decline in occurrence of organochlorines evident. No clear trends for herbicides or organophosphate insecticides observed.
Dieldrin
0.03
177
2.3
2,945
0.2
nr
Chlordane
0.15
177
0.6
2,943
0
nr
DDD
0.05
177
4.0
2,720
0.3
nr
DDE
0.03
177
0.6
2,715
0
nr
DDT
0.05
177
2.8
2,721
0.4
nr
Endrin
0.05
180
1.1
2,950
0.1
nr
Hept. epox.
0.01
177
4.5
2,946
0.3
nr
Lindane
0.01
177
8.5
2,945
1.1
nr
Methox.
0.1
172
0
2,761
0
nr
Toxaphene
0.25
177
2.8
2,946
0.4
nr
Diazinon
0.1
174
9.8
2,859
1.2
nr
Ethion
0.25
174
0.6
2,823
0.1
nr
Malathion
0.25
174
0.6
2,859
0.1
nr
M. parathion
0.25
174
2.7
2,861
0.1
nr
M. trithion
0.5
174
0
2,822
0
nr
Parathion
0.25
174
0.6
2,856
0
nr
Trithion
0.5
174
1.1
2,819
0.1
nr
Atrazine
0.5
144
24
1,363
4.8
nr
2,4-D
0.5
186
2.4
1,764
0.2
nr
2,4,5-T
0.5
186
0.6
1,765
0.1
nr
Silvex
0.5
167
0.6
1,768
0.1
nr
Staples and others, 1985
w
1975–82
United States
(Median)
Retrieval of data on concentrations of priority pollutants in ambient waters from USEPA’s STOrage and RETrieval water quality database (STORET) for the years 1975–82. Note that median concentrations are shown, not maximum. Data must be viewed with caution, as samples are not necessarily representative of ambient conditions across the entire United States and seasonality is not taken into account. Levels in biota, sediments, and effluents also are discussed.
Acrolein
Variable
nr
nr
798
0.25
<14.0
Aldrin
Variable
nr
nr
7,891
40
0.001
Chlordane (technical)
Variable
nr
nr
5,250
40
0.02
Chlordane (cis)
Variable
nr
nr
827
56
0
Chlordane (trans)
Variable
nr
nr
820
56
0
DDD
Variable
nr
nr
3,533
45
0
DDE
Variable
nr
nr
5,333
48
0.001
DDT
Variable
nr
nr
5,718
44
0.001
Dieldrin
Variable
nr
nr
7,609
40
0.001
Endosulfan (technical)
Variable
nr
nr
2,887
53
0
Endosulfan (α)
Variable
nr
nr
864
0.5
<0.1
Endosulfan (β)
Variable
nr
nr
871
0.85
<0.1
Endosulfan-sulfate
Variable
nr
nr
850
0
<0.2
Endrin
Variable
nr
nr
8,789
32
0.001
Endrin aldehyde
Variable
nr
nr
770
0
<0.2
Heptachlor
Variable
nr
nr
4,650
34
0.001
Hept. epox.
Variable
nr
nr
4,632
36
0.001
HCH (α)
Variable
nr
nr
1,470
8
>0.18
HCH (β)
Variable
nr
nr
1,010
1.3
<0.05
HCH (δ)
Variable
nr
nr
880
0.8
<0.1
Lindane
Variable
nr
nr
4,505
27
0.02
Toxaphene
Variable
nr
nr
7,325
32
0.05
DeLeon and others, 1986
w
1984 summer
Mississippi River: 11 sites along entire length
Atrazine
nr
11
nr
11
nr
1.1
Highest concentrations (atrazine and alachlor) at site downstream of Memphis, Tennessee. Metals and other organics also monitored. Pesticide data reported for only 4 of 11 sampling sites.
Propazine
nr
11
nr
11
nr
nr
Alachlor
Propachlor
Itffluralin
nr
11
nr
11
nr
nr
nr
11
nr
11
nr
0.84
nr
11
nr
11
nr
nr
nr
11
nr
11
nr
nr
Stevens and Neilson, 1989
w
1986 spring
Great Lakes: Lakes Huron, Erie, Ontario, and Superior
HCH (α)
0.00001
95
100
95
100
0.011
Survey of concentrations of organochlorine compounds in the Great Lakes. Large volume extractor used to achieve low detection limits. Spatial patterns and sources discussed. Whole-water and centrifuged samples were compared. Concentration data and detection frequency shown are for all samples, regardless of lake.
f
Lindane
0.00001
95
100
95
100
0.003
Chlordane (cis)
0.00001
95
70
95
70
IE-04
Chlordane (trans)
0.00001
95
16.0
95
16.0
IE-04
Heptachlor
0.00001
95
0
95
0
no det.
Hept. epox.
0.00001
95
100
95
100
3E-04
Endosulfan (α)
0.00001
95
0
95
0
no det.
Endosulfan (β)
0.00001
95
0
95
0
no det.
Aldrin
0.00001
95
0
95
0
no det.
Dieldrin
0.00001
95
100
95
100
0.001
Endrin
0.00001
95
13
95
13
IE-04
DDE (p,p′)
0.00001
95
53
95
53
IE-04
DDT (p,p′)
0.00001
95
0
95
0
no det.
DDT (o,p′)
0.00001
95
0
95
0
no det.
DDD (p,p′)
0.00001
95
0
95
0
no det.
Methox. (p,p′)
0.00001
95
0
95
0
no det.
Mirex
0.00001
95
0
95
0
no det.
Pereira and Rostad, 1990; Pereira and others, 1990; Pereira and others, 1992
f
7/87–6/89
Mississippi River Basin: Ohio, Mississippi, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas Rivers
Simazine
0.005
17
nr
85
nr
0.13
Data from five separate sampling cruises are summarized: 7/87–8/87, 11/87–12/87, 5/88–6/88, 3/89–4/89, and 5/89–6/89. Loads at each sampling point and amount entering Gulf of Mexico estimated. Atrazine load entering Gulf of Mexico estimated as 0.4 percent of amount applied in basin in 1987 and 1.7 percent applied in 1989. Load estimates indicate a point source of alachlor, 2,6-diethylaniline, and the acetanilides near St. Louis, Missouri; <0.5 percent of total detected in suspended solids. Cross channel mixing downstream from river confluences shown to be slow, implying that samples must be representative of entire river width. Concentration data shown are for the 5/88 to 6/88 sampling trip only.
s
Atrazine
0.005
17
nr
85
nr
0.69
Deethylatr.
0.005
17
nr
85
nr
0.08
Deisoatr.
0.005
17
nr
85
nr
0.05
Alachlor
0.005
17
nr
85
nr
0.9
2,6-Diethylaniline
0.005
17
nr
85
nr
0.9
2-Chloro-2′,6′-diethylacetan.
0.005
17
nr
85
nr
0.4
2-Hydroxy-2′,6′-diethylacetan.
0.005
17
nr
85
nr
0.05
Metolachlor
0.005
17
nr
85
nr
0.3
Cyanazine
0.005
17
nr
85
nr
0.6
Goolsby and others, 1991a,b; Thurman and others, 1991; Goolsby and Battaglin, 1993
f
1989 (spring, summer, autumn)
Midwestern United States: 149 sites on streams in 122 drainage basins
Alachlor
0.05
132
86
396
nr
51.0
Samples taken during preplanting, postplanting, and postharvest periods. Concentration data and detection frequencies shown are for postplanting samples (May-June). Concentrations generally low in March and April, higher in May and June, and decreased considerably by October and November. Concentrations of atrazine, simazine, and alachlor frequently exceeded USEPA maximum contaminant levels in May and June. DAR may be used as an indicator of ground water movement into surface waters.
Atrazine
0.05
132
98
396
nr
108.0
Deethylatr.
0.05
132
86
396
nr
404.0
Deisoatr.
0.05
132
54
396
nr
3.2
Cyanazine
0.20
132
63
396
nr
61.0
Metolachlor
0.05
132
83
396
nr
40.0
Metribuzin
0.05
132
53
396
nr
7.6
Propazine
0.05
132
40
396
nr
1.4
Prometon
0.05
132
23
396
nr
0.93
Simazine
0.05
132
55
396
nr
7.0
Ametryne
0.05
132
0
396
nr
no det.
Prometryn
0.05
132
0
396
nr
no det.
Terbutryn
0.05
132
0
396
nr
no det.
Ciba-Geigy, 1992c
w
1975–91
Midwestern rivers and lakes: 53 sites on 43 water bodies
Atrazine
0.05–0.25
53
98
1,761
87
30.0
Review of monitoring data from Ciba-Geigy Corp., Monsanto Company, USGS, and Topeka, Kansas water utility, 1975–91. Report is from Ciba-Geigy Corp. Duration of monitoring was 1 to 2 years at all sites. Data from 1975–76, 1985–87, or 1990–91, depending on site. Concentration data shown are from all sites and samples. Time-weighted annual means were below 3 μg/L at 94 percent of sites. Eighty-nine percent of individual samples were below 3 μg/L. Maximum concentrations occurred in June (41 percent), May (28 percent), or July (13 percent).
Ciba-Geigy, 1992d
w
1975–91
Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers
Atrazine
0.1–0.2
10
100
∼1,120
82–100
17.0
Review of monitoring data from Ciba-Geigy Coip. and Monsanto Company. Report is from Ciba-Geigy Corp. Duration of monitoring varied among sites. Some were monitored in 1975–76 and again in the mid-1980’s. One site on the Mississippi River (Vicksburg, Mississippi) was monitored continuously from 1975–89. Three sets of concentration data shown are for the three rivers. Annual mean concentrations for Mississippi River sites ranged from 0.26 to 2.2 μg/L. Annual mean concentrations for Missouri River sites ranged from 0.5 to 3.77 μg/L. Annual mean concentrations for Ohio River sites ranged from 0.38 to 0.84 μg/L.
Atrazine
0.1–0.2
5
100
83
62–100
14.0
Atrazine
0.1–0.2
3
100
145
77–100
4.8
Goolsby and Battaglin, 1993
f
4/91–3/92
Mississippi River and tributaries: 3 sites on Mississippi; 6 sites on major tributaries
Alachlor
0.002
9
100
381
∼85
2.0
Summary of three separate studies that focused on different aspects of pesticide occurrence in mid-western streams and major rivers: a regional reconnaissance study of 122 river basins, a study of the temporal variability of pesticide concentrations in 9 river basins (April-July, 1990), and a study of pesticide occurrence in the Mississippi River and major tributaries. The concentration and frequency of detection data shown are from the Mississippi River study. Concentration data are approximate.
Ametryne
0.05
8
25
381
<2
nr
Atrazine
0.002
9
100
381
∼99
11.0
Azinphos-m.
0.01
8
0
316
0
no det.
Butylate
0.002
8
86
316
∼15
0.1
Carbaryl
0.002
7
86
316
−10
0.1
Carbofuran
0.002
8
100
311
−30
0.11
Chlorpyrifos
0.005
8
86
316
−4
0.11
Cyanazine
0.01
9
100
381
−85
7.0
DDE
0.005
7
86
316
−4
0.02
Deethylatr.
0.02
8
100
381
−90
0.8
Deisoatr.
0.05
8
100
381
−15
0.6
Diazinon
0.002
8
86
316
−45
0.1
Dieldrin
0.02
7
71
316
−8
0.03
Disulfoton
0.02
7
0
316
0
no det.
EPTC
0.002
8
100
316
−20
0.11
Ethoprop
0.005
8
0
316
0
no det.
Fonofos
0.005
8
100
316
−20
0.03
Lindane
0.005
8
0
316
0
no det.
Linuron
0.01
8
14
316
<1
nr
Malathion
0.005
8
29
316
<2
0.01
M. parathion
0.005
8
14
316
<1
0.008
Metolachlor
0.002
9
100
381
−90
3.0
Metribuzin
0.005
9
100
381
−40
0.03
Parathion
0.002
8
0
316
0
no det.
Pendimethalin
0.01
8
86
316
−8
0.015
Permethrin
0.01
7
28
316
<2
0.018
Phorate
0.02
8
0
316
0
no det.
Prometon
0.002
8
100
381
−25
0.15
Prometryn
0.05
8
63
381
<2
0.08
Propachlor
0.002
8
86
316
∼15
0.1
Propargite
0.01
8
43
316
<2
0.08
Propazine
0.05
8
63
381
<2
0.07
Simazine
0.002
9
100
381
∼80
0.4
Terbufos
0.02
8
29
416
<1
0.011
Trifluralin
0.005
8
100
316
∼25
0.015
Goolsby and others, 1993
w
4/92–11/92
Midwestern United States: 76 reservoirs
Alachlor
0.05
76
48
304
32
∼2.0
USGS study of occurrence of herbicides and degradation products in reservoirs throughout the midwestem United States. Seventy-six reservoirs sampled bimonthly from 4/92 to 3/93. Data reported are preliminary results for 4/92 to 11/92. Results indicate that a number of these compounds are present at higher concentrations in reservoirs than in streams at certain times of the year. The ESA metabolite of alachlor appears to be relatively stable in the reservoirs. Concentration data shown are approximate.
Ametryn
0.05
76
3
304
1
nr
Atrazine
0.05
76
92
304
83
∼10.0
Cyanazine
0.05
76
65
304
54
nr
Deethylatr.
0.05
76
78
304
71
∼1.50
Deisoatr.
0.05
76
70
304
63
∼1.0
Metolachlor
0.05
76
62
304
53
nr
Metribuzin
0.05
76
12
304
6.5
nr
Prometon
0.05
76
15
304
12
nr
Propazine
0.05
76
10
304
4.5
nr
ESA (Alachlor metabolite)
0.1
76
79
304
73
∼12.0
Periera and Hostettler, 1993
f
1991–92
Mississippi River Basin: 12 sites on Mississippi River; 14 sites on tributaries
Atrazine
0.005
26
100
∼78
nr
4.7
Samples were collected on three sampling cruises. Concentration and detection frequency data shown are from the July-August 1991 cruise. Analytes included pesticides used on major crops (com/soybean, rice, cotton, forestry) grown in different regions of the basin and several degradation products. Loads from tributaries and in the Mississippi River estimated for a number of the pesticides. Ratios of parent and degradation product concentrations imply that alluvial aquifers serve as storage areas and sources to the rivers.
Deethylatr.
0.005
26
100
∼78
nr
0.86
Deisoatr.
0.01
26
85
∼78
nr
0.33
Ametryn
0.005
26
0
∼78
0
no det.
Alachlor
0.005
26
96
∼78
nr
0.56
2-Chloro-2′,6′-diethylacetan.
0.005
26
31
∼78
nr
0.04
2-Hydroxy-2′6′-diethylacetan.
0.005
26
73
∼78
nr
0.09
Carbofuran
0.005
26
0
∼78
nr
no det.
Cyanazine
0.025
26
92
∼78
0
0.98
Cyanazineamide
0.025
26
62
∼78
nr
0.22
Deet
0.005
26
85
∼78
nr
0.2
Diazinon
0.005
26
15
∼78
nr
0.02
Fluometuron
0.005
26
27
∼78
nr
0.41
Hexazinone
0.005
26
19
∼78
nr
0.07
Metolachlor
0.005
26
100
∼78
nr
1.9
Metribuzin
0.005
26
54
∼78
nr
0.08
Molinate
0.005
26
23
∼78
nr
2.6
4-Ketomolinate
0.005
26
27
∼78
nr
1.6
Norflurazon
0.01
26
19
∼78
nr
0.3
Desmethylnorflurazon
0.01
26
8
∼78
nr
0.12
Prometone
0.005
26
81
∼78
nr
0.07
Prometryn
0.005
26
15
∼78
nr
0.08
Simazine
0.005
26
100
∼78
nr
0.26
Thiobencarb
0.005
26
4
∼78
nr
0.06
[Matrix: w, whole (unfiltered) water; d, drinking water; f, filtered water; s, suspended sediments. Bold face type in compound column indicates a positive detection in one or more samples. Abbreviations used for compounds: Azinphos-m., Azinphos-methyl; DAR, deethylatrazine/atrazme ratio; Deethylatr., deethylatrazine; Deisoatr, deisopropylatrazine; Diethylacetan., diethylacetanilide; Hept. epox., heptachlor epoxide; Methox., methoxychlor; M. parathion, methyl parathion; M. trithion, methyl trithion. tr, trace concentration reported, above detection limit but below reporting level. Technical (following a compound name), a mixture of isomers and related compounds, nr, not reported, α, alpha; β, beta; γ, gamma; δ, delta. FWQA, Federal Water Quality Administration. USEPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. USGS, U.S. Geological Survey. <, less than; >, greater than. ∼, number is approximate. μg/L, micrograms per liter, no det., no samples with concentrations above the detection limit] State and local monitoring studies reviewedStudy
Sites
Samples
Comments
Reference(s)
Matrix
Sampling dates
Location(s)
Compounds
Detection limit(s) (μg/L)
Number of sites
Percent of sites with detections
Number of samples
Percent of samples with detections
Maximum concentration (μg/L)
Mack and others, 1964
w
9/63
New York: Four lakes
DDT (total)
nr
nr
100
nr
100
0.33
Samples of fish and water of surface waters of New York analyzed for DDT content
Nicholson and others, 1964
w
1960–62
Northern Alabama: Tributaries of Tennessee River
Toxaphene
nr
nr
100
84
100
0.41
Organochlorine concentrations in streams in cotton growing area monitored for 4 years. Use estimates for basin included. Detections/concentrations related to use and solubility. Samples of treated and untreated water analyzed. Neither toxaphene nor HCH removed by treatment.
DDT
nr
nr
0
84
0
no det.
HCH
nr
nr
100
84
100
nr
Casper, 1967
w
9/64–10/68
Texas: Galveston Bay, Gulf of Mexico
Aldrin
nr
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Monitoring of insecticide levels in water and oysters of Galveston Bay after increases in insecticide use in the Houston area for mosquito control. No evidence of increased residues in water or oysters. Concentrations reported as <1.0 μg/L represent positive detections below the reporting limit.
Lindane
nr
nr
33
nr
33
<1.0
Chlordane
nr
nr
22
nr
22
<1.0
DDE
nr
nr
33
nr
33
<1.0
DDT
nr
nr
22
nr
22
<1.0
Endrin
nr
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Dieldrin
nr
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Heptachlor
nr
nr
44
nr
44
<1.0
Hept. epox.
nr
nr
11
nr
11
<1.0
Methox.
nr
nr
11
nr
11
<1.0
Trithion
nr
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Malathion
nr
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Fahey and others, 1968
w
12/63–3/64
Michigan: Battle Creek area, Kalamazoo River, ponds, creeks
Dieldrin
0.1
13
0
22
0
no det.
Monitoring of water, soil, and sediments following application of dieldrin in an urban area for control of Japanese beetles.
Forbes, 1968
w
1967
Florida: Farm canals and Lake Apopka, near Zellwood, Florida
DDT
0.01
3
0
nr
0
no det.
Concentration data are for lake. No DDT or parathion detected in lake, but DDT was detected in several samples of canal water. Maximum concentrations were 0.25 and 0.18 μg/L in the canals.
Parathion
0.01
3
0
nr
0
no det.
Dupuy and others, 1970
w
1968
Texas: Eastern Texas rivers
Aldrin
0.01
30
nr
153
0.7
0.01
Survey of organochlorine and phenoxy pesticides in Texas surface waters. Four to five samples taken at most sites throughout 1968.
DDD
0.01
30
33
153
14
0.09
DDE
0.01
30
60
153
29
0.09
DDT
0.01
30
67
153
34
0.21
Dieldrin
0.01
30
27
153
nr
0.045
Endrin
0.01
30
nr
153
nr
0.07
Heptachlor
0.01
30
0
153
0
no det.
Hept. epox.
0.01
30
0
153
0
no det.
Lindane
0.01
30
20
153
25
0.11
2,4-D
0.01
30
87
153
34
1.4
Silvex
0.01
30
23
153
nr
0.13
2,4,5-T
0.01
30
77
153
38
0.15
Hannon and others, 1970
w
1967–68
South Dakota: Lake Poinsett
Lindane
0.02
12
nr
12
nr
nr
Study of ecological distribution of organochlorines in lake. Water, bed sediments, and various organisms sampled. Bioconcentration factors calculated at the different trophic levels.
Heptachlor
0.02
12
nr
12
nr
nr
Hept. epox.
0.02
12
nr
12
nr
nr
Aldrin
0.02
12
nr
12
nr
nr
Dieldrin
0.02
12
nr
12
nr
nr
DDT (p,p′)
0.08
12
nr
12
nr
nr
DDD (p,p′)
0.08
12
nr
12
nr
nr
DDE (p,p′)
0.02
12
nr
12
nr
nr
Toxaphene
nr
12
nr
12
nr
nr
Endrin
0.40
12
0
12
0
nr
Methox.
0.40
12
0
12
0
nr
Johnson and Morris, 1971
w
1968–70
Iowa: 10 rivers
Dieldrin
0.005
10
90
179
40
0.063
Report of routine monitoring of organochlorines in Iowa rivers. Differences in concentrations and in seasonal appearance of compounds observed between agricultural and non-agricultural basins. Dieldrin detected most frequently and at highest concentrations.
DDT
0.005
10
90
179
19
0.023
DDE
0.005
10
90
179
14.5
0.017
Knutson and others 1971
w
1966–69
Kansas: Smokey Hill River, Cedar Bluff Reservoir
Dieldrin
0.1
nr
67
54
22
0.051
Study related insecticide use and resulting residues in soil, ground water, crops, and surface waters. Detections in surface waters were infrequent and at low levels.
Endrin
0.1
nr
67
54
nr
0.013
Heptachlor
0.1
nr
67
54
nr
0.001
Hept. epox.
0.1
nr
33
54
nr
0.006
Aldrin
0.1
nr
33
54
nr
0.014
Diazinon
0.1
nr
0
54
0
no det.
Parathion
0.1
nr
0
54
0
no det.
M. parathion
0.1
nr
0
54
0
no det.
Rowe and others, 1971
w
10/68–5/69
Louisiana: 3 estuarine areas: Grand Bayou, Hackberry Bay, Creole Bay
Dieldrin
0.1?
13
nr
148
nr
0.2
Survey of dieldrin and endrin in water, sediments, and oysters. Dieldrin detected in 70 percent of oysters, endrin detected in 100 percent of oysters. Concentration data shown are from water samples.
Endrin
0.1?
13
nr
148
nr
0.2
Bevenue and others, 1972
w
1970–71
Hawaii: Water from lakes, streams, bays, harbors, canals, and lagoons on four islands
DDE
0.0005?
46
nr
46
nr
0.001
Random sampling of diverse surface waters. Drinking water also sampled, mostly from ground water.
DDD
0.0005?
46
nr
46
nr
0.018
DDT
0.0005?
46
nr
46
100
0.064
Dieldrin
0.0005?
46
nr
46
100
0.019
Lindane
0.0005?
46
nr
46
nr
0.003
Chlordane
0.0005?
nr
nr
nr
nr
0.018
Bradshaw and others, 1972
w
3/70–7/70
Utah:
Aldrin
nr
16
100
nr
nr
1.2
Temporal patterns of occurrence correlated with seasonal agricultural use.
15 Utah
Heptachlor
nr
16
88
nr
nr
2.9
biweekly
Lake
and Hept.
7/70–2/71
tributaries;
epox.
one outlet
HCH
nr
16
100
nr
nr
nr
weekly
site
Methox.
nr
16
94
nr
nr
5.2
DDT (total)
nr
16
100
nr
nr
4.1
Morris and others, 1972
w
1968—71
Iowa: Mississippi, Missouri, Iowa, Cedar, Skunk, Raccoon, Little Sioux, and Nishnabotna Rivers
Dieldrin
nr
10
100
nr
nr
0.065
Maximum concentrations shown are maximum detected in any of the rivers over the 4-year period. Sediments and catfish also analyzed, with much higher concentrations detected.
DDT
nr
10
90
nr
nr
0.055
DDE
nr
10
100
nr
nr
0.03
Schacht, 1974
w
1970–72
Great Lakes: Illinois waters of Lake Michigan and tributaries
Hept. epox.
0.0002
nr
100
13
85
0.005
Concentrations of organo-chlorine compounds monitored in water, sediments, and fish of Lake Michigan, two tributary rivers, and sewage treatment plant effluents. Values shown are for river samples. Concentrations in open water of Lake Michigan (4 miles offshore) were nearly all below detection limits. Sediment levels in the rivers were much higher. Samples also analyzed for PCBs and phthalates.
Dieldrin
0.0002
nr
100
13
92
4
Methox.
0.0010
nr
100
11
100
0.023
DDE (o,p′)
0.0003
nr
0
11
0
0.089
DDD (o,p′)
0.0003
nr
100
11
45
no det.
DDT (o,p′)
0.0003
nr
100
13
85
0.002
DDE (p,p′)
0.0003
nr
100
13
100
6
DDD (p,p′)
0.0003
nr
100
13
100
0.013
DDT (p,p′)
0.0010
nr
100
13
100
0.02
DDT (total)
nr
nr
100
13
100
0.007
Heptachlor
0.0003
nr
0
13
0
0.038
Aldrin
0.0003
nr
0
13
0
0.058
Endrin
0.0003
nr
0
13
0
no det.
Lindane
0.0003
nr
0
13
0
no det.
no det.
no det.
Klaassen and Kadoum, 1975
w
1970–71
Kansas: Tuttle Creek Reservoir
Endrin
10
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Concentrations measured in water, bed sediments, and biota. Limited detections in water or sediments, but most biota had residues. Note relatively high detection limits.
Aldrin
10
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Dieldrin
10
nr
50
nr
17
10.0
Heptachlor
10
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Hept. epox.
10
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
DDT (o,p′)
10
nr
50
nr
17
10.0
DDT (p,p′)
10
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
DDE (o,p′)
10
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
DDD (o,p′)
10
nr
50
nr
17
10.0
Mattraw, 1975
w
1968–72
Southern Florida: Rivers, lakes, canals (number of sites unknown)
Aldrin
0.005
nr
0
365
0
no det.
Marked decline in frequency of detection of DDT, DDD, and DDE from 1968 to 1972. Percent detections for DDT, DDD, and DDE went from 81,41,23, respectively, in 1968 to 1.2,3.8,3.1, respectively, in 1972. Majority of detections were at the 0.005 μg/L level.
Chlordane
0.005
nr
0
188
0
no det.
DDT
0.005
nr
nr
369
11
nr
DDE
0.005
nr
nr
382
nr
nr
DDD
0.005
nr
nr
382
nr
nr
Dieldrin
0.005
nr
nr
368
11
nr
Endrin
0.005
nr
0
368
0
no det.
Heptachlor
0.005
nr
0
366
0
no det.
Hept. epox.
0.005
nr
0
157
0
no det.
Lindane
0.005
nr
nr
367
nr
nr
Toxaphene
0.005
nr
0
146
0
no det.
Palmer and others, 1975 (1)
s
1974
Chesapeake Bay
DDT
nr
nr
100
20
95
2.0 (1)
Study of transport of DDT, chlordane, and PCBs by suspended sediment in Chesapeake Bay. Results indicate that Susquehanna River is the major source of these compounds to the bay. Resuspension of bottom sediments also resulted in elevated concentrations of these compounds.
Chlordane
nr
nr
100
20
100
2.0 (1)
Brodtmann, 1976
w
1974 weekly
Louisiana: Mississippi River at New Orleans
Lindane
nr
nr
nr
52?
100
0.0029
Samples taken using a continuous liquid/liquid extraction apparatus, each sample representing a 7-day period. All concentration data shown taken from monthly means. Estimates of loads show that 49.7 lb of the eight pesticides (combined weight) are discharged to the Gulf of Mexico each day (9 tons per year).
Chlordane (γ)
nr
nr
nr
52?
100
0.0012
Heptachlor
nr
nr
nr
52?
∼55
0.0025
Hept. epox.
nr
nr
nr
52?
100
0.0018
Dieldrin
nr
nr
nr
52?
100
0.0098
Endrin
nr
nr
nr
52?
100
0.0072
DDD p,p′)
nr
nr
nr
52?
100
0.0039
DDT (p,p′)
nr
nr
nr
52?
−90
0.0036
Junk and others, 1976
w
1974–75
Iowa: Various rivers and treated drinking water
Atrazine
nr
nr
100
∼40
100
42.0
Concentrations monitored as part of validation study of analytical technique. Data shown are from South Skunk River and Indian Creek during summer and autumn of 1974. Raw water and finished drinking water analyzed for same compounds. Water treatment was not effective in removal.
DDE
nr
nr
100
∼40
100
3.9
Dieldrin
nr
nr
100
∼40
100
0.08
Kellogg and Bulkley, 1976
w
1971–73 (April to Octo ber)
Iowa: Des Moines River
Dieldrin (1971)
0.01
nr
nr
5
100
0.05
Concentrations in water showed seasonal trend, with highest concentrations in May and June following application of aldrin.Water concentrations were compared to concentrations in catfish.
Dieldrin (1972)
0.01
nr
nr
14
50
0.04
Dieldrin (1973)
0.001
nr
nr
32
100
0.03
Tanita and others, 1976
w
4/74–6/74
Hawaii: Marina receiving urban runoff
α-HCH
0.0001
1?
100
12
33
0.0004
Termite control suspected as source of dieldrin and chlordane. Concentration data shown are for unfiltered water. Chlordane not quantified because of interferences. Detection limit not certain.
Lindane
0.0001
1?
100
12
33
0.0007
Aldrin
0.0001
1?
100
12
25
0.0052
Heptachlor
0.0001
1?
100
12
25
0.0002
DDE
0.0001
1?
100
12
43
0.0047
DDD
0.0001
1?
100
12
18
0.224
DDT
0.0001
1?
100
12
83
0.0022
Dieldrin
0.0001
1?
100
12
100
0.0015
Hept. epox.
0.0001
1?
100
12
18
0.13
Chlordane (α)
0.0001
1?
100
12
90
nr
Chlordane (γ)
0.0001
1?
100
12
68
nr
Joyce and Sikka, 1977
w
8/75–1/76
Florida: St. Johns River
2,4-D
0.01
nr
100
45
67.0
1.3
2,4-D residues measured along a 312-mi stretch of St. Johns River in coastal Florida. All concentrations were well below criteria limits for drinking water. 2,4-D concentrations measured in Blue Crabs were detected only in May.
Sullivan and Atchison, 1977
w s
3/74–9/74
Michigan: Rouge River
Methox.
nr
nr
0
∼60
0
no det.
Monitoring urban watershed (Detroit) for residues from spraying program for control of Dutch Elm disease. No detections in water or suspended sediment samples.
Ellis, 1978
w
9/80
Colorado: Urban storm runoff in Denver area
Aldrin
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
USGS study of water quality of urban storm runoff. Sites were in residential and residential/commercial areas of suburban Denver. Data collected for use with a storm water management model. Nutrients, major ions, metals, and bacteria also measured.
Chlordane
0.1
nr
100
nr
100
1.7
DDD
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
DDE
0.01
nr
50
nr
33
0.02
DDT
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Diazinon
0.01
nr
100
nr
100
0.78
Dieldrin
0.01
nr
50
nr
33
0.01
Endrin
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Ethion
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Heptachlor
0.01
nr
50
nr
33
0.26
Hept. epox.
0.01
nr
50
nr
33
0.04
Lindane
0.01
nr
100
nr
100
0.05
Malathion
0.01
nr
50
nr
67
3.5
M. parathion
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
M. trithion
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Parathion
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Toxaphene
nr
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Trithion
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
2,4-D
0.01
nr
100
nr
100
7.5
2,4,5-T
0.01
nr
50
nr
33
0.04
Silvex
0.01
nr
50
nr
67
3.2
Kurtz, 1978
w
1974–75
Pennsylvania: Nineteen streams; 110 community water supplies; 3 reservoirs
Streams:
Survey of Pennsylvania streams, drinking water supplies, and reservoirs for DDT and PCB contamination. Streams sampled once in 1974 and once in 1975. Reservoirs and water supplies sampled once. Three of 19 streams, 4 of 110 water supplies, and 0 of 3 reservoirs had trace or measurable levels of DDT or PCBs.
d
DDE
0.001
19
nr
38
nr
0.42
DDD
0.001
19
nr
38
nr
0.09
DDT
0.001
19
11
38
nr
0.11
DDT (total)
19
11
38
nr
0.62
Drinking water:
DDE
0.001
110
nr
110
nr
0.006
DDD
0.001
110
nr
110
nr
0.009
DDT
0.001
110
nr
110
nr
0.06
DDT (total)
110
nr
110
nr
0.075
Schacht and others, 1978
w
5/78
Illinois: Rock River
Lindane
0.01
5
0
5
0
no det.
Survey of water quality in Rock River and tributaries. Pesticide samples collected 5/29/78. All pesticides were below detection limits. Sediments and biota also sampled. Concentrations of nutrients, suspended sediments, and metals monitored.
Heptachlor
0.01
5
0
5
0
no det.
Aldrin
0.01
5
0
5
0
no det.
Hept. epox.
0.01
5
0
5
0
no det.
Chlordane (α)
0.02
5
0
5
0
no det.
Chlordane (γ)
0.02
5
0
5
0
no det.
Dieldrin
0.02
5
0
5
0
no det.
Endrin
0.01
5
0
5
0
no det.
Methox.
0.1
5
0
5
0
no det.
DDE (o,p′)
0.01
5
0
5
0
no det.
DDE (p,p′)
0.01
5
0
5
0
no det.
DDD (o,p′)
0.01
5
0
5
0
no det.
DDD (p,p′)
0.01
5
0
5
0
no det.
DDT (o,p′)
0.01
5
0
5
0
no det.
DDT (p,p′)
0.01
5
0
5
0
no det.
Toxaphene
nr
5
0
5
0
no det.
Silvex
0.02
5
0
5
0
no det.
2,4-D
0.02
5
0
5
0
no det.
Organophosphates (total)
0.1
5
0
5
0
no det.
Kent and Johnson, 1979
w
1974
Idaho: American Falls Reservoir
DDD
nr
nr
0
4?
0
no det.
Organochlorines detected in sediments and fish, but not in water.
DDE
nr
nr
0
4?
0
no det.
DDT
nr
nr
0
4?
0
no det.
Aldrin
nr
nr
0
4?
0
no det.
Dieldrin
nr
nr
0
4?
0
no det.
Endrin
nr
nr
0
4?
0
no det.
Heptachlor
nr
nr
0
4?
0
no det.
Hept. epox.
nr
nr
0
4?
0
no det.
Lindane
nr
nr
0
4?
0
no det.
Rihan and others, 1979
w
1975 (?)
Mississippi: 10 streams and lakes of northern Mississippi
Aldrin
nr
10
100
10
100
0.000
Study of organochlorine pesticide levels in northern Mississippi rivers and lakes.
Heptachlor
nr
10
90
10
90
5
Lindane
nr
10
100
10
100
0.000
DDT
nr
10
100
10
100
20.000
16
0.012
Waller and Lee, 1979
w
1972–73
Lake Ontario
DDE
0.0005
nr
100
nr
100
0.045
Summary of data collected during the International Field Year for the Great Lakes. Average total DDT concentration is ∼10 times the USEPA objectives. Detection limits not certain.
DDD
0.0005
nr
75
nr
75
0.014
DDT
0.0005
nr
100
nr
100
0.013
DDT (total)
0.0005
nr
nr
nr
nr
0.057
Dieldrin
0.0005
nr
100
nr
100
0.013
Wang and others, 1979
w
6/77–7/77
Florida: St. Lucie estuary
DDT
0.01
nr
0
18
0
no det.
River drained Lake Okeechobee. Residues detected in sediments, but not in water samples.
DDD
0.01
nr
0
18
0
no det.
DDE
0.01
nr
0
18
0
no det.
Dudley and Karr, 1980
7/77 and 6/78
Indiana: Black Creek watershed
Dieldrin
0.2
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Watershed is 80 percent agricultural (row crops). Sampling in 1977 followed 2-week period without storm runoff. 1978 sampling for 2,4,5-T was done after fish kill following 2,4,5-T application to stream banks. Concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 7.7 μg/L. Note high detection limit for atrazine, alachlor, and carbofiiran.
DDE
0.2
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Atrazine
100
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Alachlor
100
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Carbofiiran
100
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Malathion
nr
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
2,4,5-T
0.2
13
100
13
100
7.7
Setmire and Bradford, 1980
w
9/76–5/77
California: Urban runoff, suburban San Diego (Tecolote Creek)
Aldrin
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Urban runoff from a suburban, single-family residential area monitored. Samples taken in September of 1976 and February and May of 1977. Metals, chemical oxygen demand, nutrients, bacteria, and suspended sediment also monitored.
Chlordane
0.1
nr
100
nr
100
1.4
DDD
0.01
nr
100
nr
50
0.02
DDE
0.01
nr
100
nr
25
0.03
DDT
0.01
nr
100
nr
50
0.12
Diazinon
0.01
nr
100
nr
100
0.51
Dieldrin
0.01
nr
100
nr
50
0.07
Endrin
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Ethion
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Heptachlor
0.01
nr
100
nr
100
0.06
Hept. epox.
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Lindane
0.01
nr
100
nr
100
0.03
Malathion
0.01
nr
100
nr
100
2.6
M. parathion
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
M. trithion
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
2,4-D
0.01
nr
100
nr
100
0.38
2,4,5-T
0.01
nr
100
nr
75
0.14
Silvex
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Toxaphene
1?
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Wang and others, 1980
w
1977–78
Florida: Indian River
DDT (o,p′)
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Water and sediment samples collected near major tributaries, sewage plant outfalls, and municipal areas. Compounds were detected in most sediment samples, but not in water column.
DDT (p,p′)
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
DDE (p,p′)
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
DDD (p,p′)
0.01
nr
0
nr
0
no det.
Wu and others, 1980
w
m
6/77–11/77
Maryland: Rhode River
Bulk water: Atrazine
0.001
nr
no
65
100
0.19
Study of atrazine concentrations in bulk water and surface microlayer in an estuarine environment. Enrichment factors (surface concentration/bulk concentration) of 1.1 to 110 were observed. In ∼66 percent of the samples, the enrichment factor was 1 to 10.
6/78–11/78
Surficial microlayer: Atrazine
0.001
nr
det. no det.
65
100
3.3
Zahnow and Riggleman, 1980
w
8/77–9/78
Chesapeake Bay: Rhode River, Choptank River, Tuckahoe Creek
Linuron
0.2
22
0
79
0
no det.
Study to determine whether linuron used on area crops is entering Chesapeake Bay. No residues detected.
Erickson and Essig, 1981
w
1980
Montana: Lower Flathead River
Diazinon
220
nr
0
84
0
no det.
Samples taken over an 11-month period. Note high detection limits for all analytes.
Endosulfan
40
nr
0
84
0
no det.
Dicamba
250
nr
0
84
0
no det.
Perthane
250
nr
0
84
0
no det.
Methamidophos
200
nr
0
84
0
no det.
2,4-D
50
nr
0
84
0
no det.
2,4-D (methyl ester)
50
nr
0
84
0
no det.
Leung and others, 1981
w w
1971–73; 1978
Iowa: Des Moines River at Boone, Iowa
Dieldrin
0.001
nr
100
∼12 0
100
0.05
Study to determine whether dieldrin concentrations decreased after registration withdrawn in 1975. Thirty to 70 percent found in filtered water. Fish also sampled. Concentrations decreased greatly from 1971 to 1973, but not significantly from 1973 to 1978.
Lunsford, 1981
w
1976–78
Virginia: James River estuary
Kepone
0.01–0.02;
0.05 in 1978
75
0
nr
∼75
nr
1.2
Study of kepone distribution in the water column of the estuary. Results are evaluated with respect to spatial and temporal variability. Highest levels observed in summer months, possibly because of increases in phytoplankton containing kepone residues. Water concentrations were 1 to 5 orders of magnitude below reported sediment concentrations in the estuary. Significant correlation between water column concentrations and underlying bed sediment concentrations.
Murray and others, 1981
w
7/78–5/79
Texas: Galveston Bay
(mean)
Total DDT, PCB, and phthalate concentrations were measured in water and bed sediments at eight sites throughout the bay.
DDT (total)
0.00001
nr
75
29
nr
0.00038
Page, 1981
w
1977–79
New Jersey
HCH(α)
nr
nr
nr
604
39
0.1
Survey of occurrence of 56 organic compounds (13 pesticides) in surface water and ground water throughout New Jersey. Sites were chosen to be representative of all land uses in the state. Timing of sampling of surface waters not given. Authors conclude that ground water is as contaminated as surface waters.
Lindane
nr
nr
nr
604
34
0.8
HCH (β)
nr
nr
nr
604
60
3.1
Heptachlor
nr
nr
nr
604
21
5.9
Aldrin
nr
nr
nr
604
24
0.6
Hept. epox.
nr
nr
nr
604
40
0.5
Chlordane
nr
nr
nr
603
56
0.8
DDE (o,p′)
nr
nr
nr
603
44
0.1
Dieldrin
nr
nr
nr
604
39
0.1
Endrin
nr
nr
nr
604
14
0.1
DDT (o,p′)
nr
nr
nr
604
18
0.1
DDD (p,p′)
nr
nr
nr
604
27
0.1
DDT (p,p′)
nr
nr
nr
604
17
0.1
Warry and Chan, 1981 (1)
s
4/79–4/80
Great Lakes, New York: Niagara River
(μg/kg)1
(μg/kg)1
Samples collected every 2 weeks to quantify inputs of organochlorines to Lake Ontario from Niagara River. Concentrations on suspended sediment varied with season. Total DDT highest in May and June. Much of the mirex, DDT, and PCBs associated with suspended sediment appears to emanate from sources between Grand Island and Lake Ontario, rather than from Lake Erie. Concentrations (in micrograms per kilogram) are based on dry weight of sediment.
Mirex
1.0
nr
50
44
61
258.0
Methox.
1.0
nr
50
44
41
91.0
Chlordane (α)
1.0
nr
100
44
41
16.0
Chlordane (γ)
1.0
nr
100
44
61
58.0
Chlordane (total)
1.0
nr
100
44
66
58.0
DDT (p,p′)
1.0
nr
100
44
80
15.0
DDE (p,p′)
1.0
nr
100
44
93
51.0
DDD (p,p′)
1.0
nr
50
44
36
19.0
DDT (o,p′)
1.0
nr
100
44
5
15.0
DDT (total)
1.0
nr
100
44
100
66.0
Endosulfan (α)
1.0
nr
50
44
30
14.0
Endosulfan (β)
1.0
nr
0
44
0
no det.
Dieldrin
1.0
nr
100
44
61
15.0
Endrin
1.0
nr
0
44
0
no det.
Aldrin
1.0
nr
0
44
0
no det.
Heptachlor
1.0
nr
0
44
0
no det.
Hept. epox.
1.0
nr
50
44
16
12.0
Lindane
0.1
nr
50
44
16
11.0
Wu, 1981
w
5/77–9/77
Chesapeake Bay: Rhode River
Atrazine
nr
nr
100
−12
100
0.1
Eighty percent of atrazine in the dissolved phase. Surface microlayer atrazine concentrations commonly 10 times higher than bulk-water concentrations. Atrazine detected throughout year in estuarine water, as well as in precipitation.
s
0
m
5/78–9/78
Bushway and others, 1982
w
6/81–8/81
Maine: Five ponds in coastal area
Azinphos-m.
0.23
nr
0
20
0
no det.
Study of pond and stream waters of a blueberry growing area. Neither compound nor metabolite found in surface waters. Compound found in one ground water site and in effluent of blueberry processing plant, but not metabolite.
Azinphos-m.-oxon
0.23
nr
0
20
0
no det.
Leung and others, 1982
w
9/77–11/78
Iowa: Des Moines River, Saylorville Reservoir
Atrazine
nr
nr
100
−120
nr
0.22
Samples taken upstream, downstream, and in the reservoir. Atrazine, alachlor, and cyanazine were detected in the dissolved phase only. Dieidrin detected in both dissolved and particulate phases. DDE detected almost entirely in particulate phase. Approximately 67 percent of the dieidrin entering the reservoir remained there. Net deposition in the reservoir during the study period estimated as 281 kg (atrazine), 251 kg (alachlor), 26 kg (cyanazine), 16 kg (dieidrin), and 20 kg (DDE). (Deposition defined as total input minus total outfall.)
s
(mean)
Alachlor
nr
nr
100
−120
nr
0.09(mean)
Cyanazine
nr
nr
100
−120
nr
0.09 (mean)
Dieidrin
0.001
nr
100
−120
nr
0.03 (max)
DDD (p,p′)
nr
nr
0
−120
0
no det.
DDE (p,p′)
0.001
nr
100
−120
nr
0.13 (max, s)
DDT (p,p′)
nr
m
0
−120
0
no det.
Hept. epox.
m
or
0
−120
0
no det.
Endrin
or
nr
0
−120
0
no det.
2,4-D
nr
nr
0
−120
0
no det.
2,4,5-TP
nr
nr
0
−120
0
no det.
Lindane
m
nr
0
−120
0
no det.
Methox.
or
nr
0
−120
0
no det.
Propachlor
nr
or
0
−120
0
no det.
Toxaphene
nr
nr
0
−120
0
no det.
Fuhrer and Rinella, 1983
w
5/80–12/80
Oregon, Washington: Columbia River and several other rivers
Aldrin
0.01
15
0
27
0
no det.
USGS study to evaluate potential effects of dredging.
Ametryn
0.1
15
0
27
0
no det.
Atratone
0.1
15
0
27
0
no det.
Atrazine
0.1
15
0
27
0
no det.
Chlordane
0.1
15
0
27
0
no det.
Cyanazine
0.1
15
0
27
0
no det.
Cyprazine
0.1
15
0
27
0
no det.
DDD
0.01
15
0
27
0
no det.
DDE
0.01
15
0
27
0
no det.
DDT
0.01
15
0
27
0
no det.
Dieldrin
0.01
15
0
27
0
no det.
Endosulfan
0.01
15
0
27
0
no det.
Endrin
0.01
15
0
27
0
no det.
Heptachlor
0.01
15
0
27
0
no det.
Hept. epox.
0.01
15
0
27
0
no det.
Lindane
0.01
15
0
27
0
no det.
Methox.
0.01
15
0
27
0
no det.
Mirex
0.01
15
0
27
0
no det.
Perthane
0.1
15
0
27
0
no det.
Prometone
0.1
15
0
27
0
no det.
Prometiyn
0.1
15
0
27
0
no det.
Propazine
0.1
15
0
27
0
no det.
Silvex
0.01
15
0
27
0
no det.
Simazine
0.1
15
0
27
0
no det.
Simetone
0.01
15
0
27
0
no det.
Simetryn
0.1
15
0
27
0
no det.
Toxaphene
nr
15
0
27
0
no det.
2,4-D
0.01
15
20
27
11
0.04
2,4-DP
0.01
15
nr
27
nr
0.04
2,4,5-T
0.01
15
0
27
0
no det.
Kauss, 1983
w
1980 (w)
Great Lakes: Niagara River
Aldrin
0.001
3
0
nr
0
no det.
Summary of studies of contaminant levels in Niagara River water, suspended sediments, and bed sediments. Values shown are for water samples. Point sources along river (dumps, chemical manufacturing sites) may be responsible for some of the detections. Pesticides detected in suspended sediments (number of sites and concentration range): dieldrin—5 of 9,2 to 26 μg/kg; HCH (α)—4 of 9,6 to 110 μg/kg; HCH (γ)—1 of 9,38 μg/kg; chlordane (a)—6 of 9,1 to 193 μg/kg; chlordane (γ)—5 of 9,5 to 70 μg/kg; DDT (o,p′)—2 of 10,20 to 21 μg/kg; DDT (p,p′)—2 of 10,70 to 74 μg/kg; DDD (p,p′)—4 of 10,2–65 μg/kg; DDE (p,p′): 10 of 10,1 to 36 μg/kg; DDT (total)—10 of 10,1 to 190 μg/kg; endrin—3 of 9,5 to 13 μg/kg; hept. epox.—1 of 10,1 to 36 μg/kg; HCB—8 of 10,1 to 250 μg/kg; mirex—6 of 10, 4 to 640 μg/kg; endosulfan (α)—7 of 10, 1 to 15 μg/kg; endosulfan (β)—6 of 10,1 to 45 μg/kg.
s
1979 (s)
Dieldrin
0.001
3
nr
nr
4–7
0.002
HCH (α)
0.001
3
nr
nr
∼70
0.03
HCH (β)
0.001
3
nr
nr
9–10
0.005
Lindane
0.001
3
nr
nr
13–16
0.005
Chlordane (α)
0.001
3
nr
nr
4–7
0.001
Chlordane (γ)
0.001
3
nr
nr
4–7
0.015
DDT (o,p)′
0.005
3
nr
nr
0–2
0.005
DDT (p,p′)
0.005
3
nr
nr
0–5.
0.01
DDD (p,p′)
0.005
3
nr
nr
0–4
0.005
DDE (p,p′)
0.001
3
nr
nr
0–2
0.003
DDT (total)
0.005
3
nr
nr
nr
0.01
Endrin
0.001
3
nr
nr
0–2
0.012
Heptachlor
0.001
3
0
nr
0
no det.
Hept. epox.
0.001
3
nr
nr
7–21
0.03
HCB
0.001
3
0
nr
0
no det.
Mirex
0.005
3
0
nr
0
no det.
Endosulfan (α)
0.001
3
nr
nr
0–2
0.005
Endosulfan (β)
0.001
3
nr
nr
0–2
0.005
Kuntz and Warry, 1983
w
4/79–12/81, biweekly
Great Lakes:
Water
(means)
Organochlorine pesticide (and PCB) concentrations were measured in water and suspended sediments at Niagara-on-the-Lake (Lake Ontario end of Niagara River). Loading estimates indicate that suspended sediments were responsible for ∼40 percent of the loading to Lake Ontario of PCBs, DDT, and HCB, and considerably less for other organochlorines. Comparisons of suspended sediment concentrations with bed sediment concentrations in Lake Erie indicate that Lake Erie was not the major source of PCBs, mirex, and chlorobenzenes to Lake Ontario and that these compounds entered the system along the Niagara River. Detection limits inferred from data.
s
Niagara River
Aldrin
0.0001
nr
nr
75
nr
<0.0001
Dieldrin
0.0001
nr
nr
75
93
0.0006
HCH (α)
0.0001
nr
nr
75
100
0.011
Lindane
0.0001
nr
nr
75
99
0.0021
Chlordane (α)
0.0001
nr
nr
75
64
0.0003
Chlordane (γ)
0.0001
nr
nr
75
68
0.0005
DDT (o,p′)
0.0001
nr
nr
75
nr
<0.0001
DDT p,p′)
0.0001
nr
nr
75
40
0.0002
DDD (p,p′)
0.0001
nr
nr
75
nr
0.0001
DDE (p,p′)
0.0001
nr
nr
75
61
0.0003
Endrin
0.0001
nr
nr
75
11
<0.0001
Heptachlor
0.0001
nr
0
75
0
no det.
Hept. epox.
0.0001
nr
nr
75
47
0.0005
HCB
0.0001
nr
nr
75
95
0.0008
Mirex
0.0001
nr
nr
75
nr
<0.0001
Endosulfan (α)
0.0001
nr
nr
75
13
0.0001
Endosulfan (β)
0.0001
nr
nr
75
15
0.0001
Methox.
0.0001
nr
nr
75
nr
0.0001
w
4/79–12/81, biweekly
Great Lakes: Niagara River
Suspended
(μg/kg)
(means, in μg/kg)1
Concentrations on suspended sediment (in micrograms per kilogram) are based on dry sediment weight Detection limits inferred from data.
s
sediment:
Aldrin
1.0
nr
nr
70
nr
2.0
Dteldrin
1.0
nr
nr
70
80
4.0
HCH (α)
1.0
nr
nr
70
75
12.0
Lindane
1.0
nr
nr
70
33
2.0
Chlordane (α)
1.0
nr
nr
70
67
3.0
Chlordane (γ)
1.0
nr
nr
70
79
6.0
DDT (o,p′)
1.0
nr
nr
70
30
6.0
DDT (p,p′)
1.0
nr
nr
70
86
11.0
DDT (p,p′)
1.0
nr
nr
70
62
4.0
DDE (p,p′)
1.0
nr
nr
70
92
23.0
Endrin
1.0
nr
nr
70
nr
<1.0
Heptachlor
1.0
nr
nr
70
nr
1.0
Hept. epox.
1.0
nr
nr
70
37
1.0
HCB
1.0
nr
nr
70
100
124.0
Mirex
1.0
nr
nr
70
76
12.0
Endosulfan (α)
1.0
nr
nr
70
36
4.0
Endosalfan (β)
1.0
nr
nr
70
nr
<1.0
Methox.
1.0
nr
nr
70
51
7.0
Lurry, 1983
w
1/80–3/81
Louisiana: Calcasieu River (11 sites) and effluent samples
Aldrin
0.001
11
0
33
0
no det.
USGS study to evaluate potential effects of dredging. 2,4-D detected in 20 of 33 river samples.
Chlordane
0.1
11
0
33
0
no det.
DDD
0.001
11
0
33
0
no det.
DDE
0.001
11
0
33
0
no det.
DDT
0.001
11
0
33
0
no det.
Diazinon
0.01
11
55
33
18
0.06
Dieldrin
0.001
11
nr
33
nr
0.003
Endosulfan
0.001
11
0
33
0
no det.
Endrin
0.001
11
0
33
0
no det.
Ethion
0.01
11
0
33
0
no det.
Heptachlor
0.001
11
0
33
0
no det.
Hept. epox.
0.001
11
0
33
0
no det.
Lindane
0.001
11
0
33
0
no det.
Malathion
0.01
11
0
33
0
no det.
Methox.
0.01
11
0
33
0
no det.
M. parathion
0.01
11
0
33
0
no det.
M. trithion
0.01
11
0
33
0
no det.
Mirex
0.01
11
0
33
0
no det.
Parathion
0.01
11
0
33
0
no det.
Perthane
0.01
11
0
33
0
no det.
Toxaphene
0.1
11
0
33
0
no det.
Trithion
0.01
11
0
33
0
no det.
2,4-D
0.01
11
73
33
61
0.37
2,4,5-T
0.01
11
0
33
0
no det.
Silvex
0.01
11
0
33
0
no det.
Ray and others, 1983
w
7/80
Texas: Nueces Estuary, near Corpus Christi
HCB
0.00001
nr
50
nr
50
0.00035
Survey of water and sediment contamination of estuary by organochlorines. Other organochlorines also included as analytes.
PCP
nr
nr
100
nr
100
0.068
DDT (total)
nr
nr
100
nr
100
0.0031
HCH (α)
0.00005
nr
88
nr
88
0.00049
Lindane
0.00001
nr
63
nr
63
0.00013
Chlordane
nr
nr
100
nr
100
0.00093
Dieldrin
0.00001
nr
88
nr
88
0.00013
Toppin, 1983
w
1978–80
Vermont: Lower Black River
Aldrin
0.01
9
0
29
0
no det.
Assessment of water quality before proposed dam construction. Concentrations of all pesticides were below detection limit.
Chlordane
0.1
9
0
29
0
no det.
DDD
0.01
9
0
29
0
no det.
DDE
0.01
9
0
29
0
no det.
DDT
0.01
9
0
29
0
no det.
Dieldrin
0.01
9
0
29
0
no det.
Endosulfan
0.01
9
0
29
0
no det.
Endrin
0.01
9
0
29
0
no det.
Heptachlor
0.01
9
0
29
0
no det.
Hept. epox.
0.01
9
0
29
0
no det.
Lindane
0.01
9
0
29
0
no det.
Methox.
0.01
9
0
29
0
no det.
Mirex
0.01
9
0
29
0
no det.
Perthane
0.1
9
0
29
0
no det.
Toxaphene
nr
9
0
29
0
no det.
Wang, 1983
w
1977–78
Florida: Indian River Lagoon
DDT
0.01
13
0
∼50
0
no det.
Low concentrations of DDT detected in sediments, but not in water. Persistence of malathion and parathion investigated. Malathion degradation attributed to hydrolysis; parathion degradation attributed to biological interaction.
Malathion
nr
13
0
∼50
0
no det.
Parathion
nr
13
0
∼50
0
no det.
Wangsness, 1983
w
10/86
Indiana: Eagle Creek watershed, Indianapolis area: 4 sites in October; 3 sites in December
Aldrin
0.01
4
0
nr
0
no det.
USGS report. Diazinon was the only pesticide detected.
12/86
Chlordane
0.1
4
0
nr
0
no det.
DDD
0.01
4
0
nr
0
no det.
DDE
0.01
4
0
nr
0
no det.
DDT
0.01
4
0
nr
0
no det.