ABSTRACT
Promotion and Prevention Focus Concerns 191 Promotion and Prevention: Nonemotional Motivational States 193 Promotion and Prevention: Emotional Experiences 197 Promotion and Prevention Experiences of Motivational Strength 202 Additional Implications of Promotion and Prevention for Emotion 205 Acknowledgments 210 References 210 There are a variety of different emotions that people experience. How should differences in emotional experiences be characterized? What psychological variables account for them? To address these questions, it is necessary to divide emotions into a manageable set that researchers agree contains distinct types of experience. The following set of four types of emotions fulfills this requirement: (a) cheerfulness-related emotions, such as “happy,” “elated,” and “joyful”; (b) quiescence-related emotions, such as “calm,” “relaxed,” and “serene”; (c) agitation-related emotions, such as “tense,” “restless,” and “nervous”; and (d) dejection-related emotions, such as “sad,” “gloomy,” and “disappointed.” This set of different types of emotions provides a clear challenge to psychology concerning how best to characterize and account
for differences in emotional experiences. I propose that our understanding of the differences among these types of emotional experience would be enhanced by a fuller consideration of the self-regulatory principles and motivational states that underlie them.
