ABSTRACT
Traditionally, environmental management systems have been location-based, addressing the impacts of local activities on the environment. A product-based environmental management system, in contrast, addresses the impacts hardware products have on the environment. As the environmental impacts of ‘location’ activities have decreased due to the outsourcing of manufacturing activities, and as legal and customer product-based eco-environmental requirements have continued to become more stringent, a product-based approach has become more important.
