ABSTRACT
The liberal institutions created after 1945 are being challenged by powerful new states, by understandable populist discontent in Western democracies, and by revanchist powers. This evolving political environment creates tension and conflict. Cyberspace is a principal domain for this conflict. At the same time, many researchers and officials in the US have concluded that no information technology can ever be made completely secure against advanced and persistent opponents (DOD, 2018, p. 3). This leads them to conclude that a defensive strategy will always be inadequate. The effect of this combination of increasing conflict and inadequate defense has been to reshape the America perspective on international cybersecurity.
