ABSTRACT
The state established the Sümerbank in 1933 as a holding company to oversee industrial production; it too� o�er the �ttoman te�tile plants and built stateowned spinning and weaving enterprises throughout the new nation. Traditional handicrafts produced in small un-mechanized �or�shops continued to pro�ide
Map 19.1 Turkey
up to 60 per cent of manufacturing value added until the end of the 1930s.5 Private enterprises in 1939 produced 6� per cent of cotton yarn and cloth, �� per cent of wool yarn and cloth, and 38 per cent of leather goods.6 A small number of apparel firms came into being in response to the ne� �epublic’s ‘clothing re�olution’ �hich required men to wear Western suits and hats. For example, Vakko, today a leading ready-to-wear producer, was founded as a hat and scarf manufacturer in 1934.
