ABSTRACT
The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), also known as WKH:RUOG&RQVHUYDWLRQ8QLRQLGHQWL¿HVVL[W\SHVRISURWHFWHGDUHD3$IURPD strict nature reserve and wilderness area to a managed resource PA, the difference EHWZHHQHDFKODUJHO\GHSHQGLQJXSRQRQWKHGHJUHHRIKXPDQDFWLYLW\SUHVHQW1 7RGDWHFODVVL¿FDWLRQVKDYHEHHQIRFXVHGRQWHUUHVWULDODUHDVDQGWKHUHLVDQHHG WRFODVVLI\LQWKHPDULQHFRQWH[WWRWDNHDFFRXQWRINH\GLIIHUHQFHV2 The number DQG W\SHVRI3$ LQRUEHWZHHQDQ\FRXQWU\RUFRXQWULHVKDYHH[SDQGHGJUHDWO\ RYHUUHFHQW\HDUV7KLVKDVUHVXOWHG LQJUHDWFRPSOH[LW\ WKHFDVHRI WKH8QLWHG .LQJGRPDVDIIHFWHGE\(XURSHDQODZLVEXWRQHH[DPSOH3 Whether terrestrial or PDULQH3$VDUHDOVRPDQDJHGLQDYDULHW\RIZD\V4 Yet conventional approaches
1 International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Guidelines for Protected Areas Management Categories ,8&17KHGH¿QLWLRQRISURWHFWHGDUHDV ZDVUHYLVHGE\WKH,8&1:RUOG&RPPLVVLRQRQ3URWHFWHG$UHDV:&3$LQDQGLV DIIHFWHGE\WKHGH¿QLWLRQLQWKHConvention on Biological Diversity, opened for signature 0D\,/0HQWHUHGLQWRIRUFH'HFHPEHUµ&%'¶6HH1'XGOH\ (ed), Guidelines for Applying Protected Areas Management Categories ,8&1)RU H[SODQDWLRQVHH%DUEDUD/DXVFKHDQG)UDQFRLVH%XUKHQQHGuidelines for Protected Areas Legislation ,8&1±WKHFDWHJRULHVKRZHYHUUHPDLQWKHVDPH±
'DODO$EGXOUD]]DN DQG6WHSKHQ7URPEXODN µ&ODVVLI\LQJ/HYHOVRI3URWHFWLRQ LQ 0DULQH3URWHFWHG$UHDV¶Marine Policy7KHUHYLVHGGH¿QLWLRQE\WKH ,8&1:&3$LV LQWHQGHGWRDSSO\WRPDULQHSURWHFWHGDUHDV03$VDQGDLPVWRFODULI\ WKHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQFRQVHUYDWLRQIRFXVHGVLWHVDQGRWKHUVZKHUHIRUH[DPSOH¿VKHULHV PDQDJHPHQWLVWKHREMHFWLYH
.%LVKRS$3KLOOLSVDQG/0:DUUHQµ3URWHFWHG$UHDVIRUWKH)XWXUH0RGHOVIURP WKH3DVW¶Journal of Environmental Planning and Management
0LFKDHO /RFNZRRG *UDHPH :RUER\V DQG $VKLVK .RWKDUL HGV Managing Protected Areas: A Global Guide (DUWKVFDQ
through management plans and environmental impact assessment (EIA) remain WKHPRVWFRPPRQ5
There remains a need to link PAs and non-PAs, develop and expand marine protected areas (MPAs) in areas within, EHWZHHQ DQG EH\RQG QDWLRQDO jurisdiction8 in the context of marine spatial planning (MSP),9 and further HFRV\VWHP EDVHG DSSURDFKHV LQFOXGLQJ WR ¿VKHULHVPDQDJHPHQW Evidence of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) being applied to management plans for PAs is growing,11DOWKRXJKWKHSRWHQWLDOKDV\HWWREHIXOO\H[SORUHG12 It has EHHQ FRPSOHWHO\ DEVHQW LQPDQDJHPHQW SODQQLQJ DQG (,$ XQGHU WKH$QWDUFWLF 7UHDW\ 6\VWHP $7613 although the Committee for Environmental Protection, (established under the Madrid Protocol14 WRWKH$76KDGLQDUHFHQW)LYH<HDU :RUN3ODQ IRU WKH ¿UVW WLPH UHFRPPHQGHG FRQVLGHULQJ WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI 6($ DV SDUW RI LPSURYLQJ DQG LPSOHPHQWLQJ WKH (,$$QQH[ WR WKH 3URWRFRO15 The
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5RJHU &URIWV µ/LQNLQJ 3URWHFWHG $UHDV WR WKH :LGHU :RUOG $ 5HYLHZ RI $SSURDFKHV¶Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning
/RUQH.ULZRNHQµ$XVWUDOLD¶V0DULQH3URWHFWHG$UHDV&KDUWLQJD&RXUVHWRZDUGV D 5HSUHVHQWDWLYH 6\VWHP¶ LQ:DUZLFN*XOOHWW &OLYH 6FKR¿HOG DQG -RDQQD9LQFH HGV Marine Resources Management /H[LV1H[LV%XWWHUZRUWKV
$OH[DQGHU *LOOHVSLH Protected Areas and International Environmental Law 0DUWLQXV1LMKRII±
)UDQN0DHV µ7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO /HJDO )UDPHZRUN IRU0DULQH 6SDWLDO 3ODQQLQJ¶ Marine Policy
0LWVXWDNX0DNLQR+LUR\XNL0DWVXGDDQG<DVXQRUL6DNXUDLµ([SDQGLQJ)LVKHULHV &R0DQDJHPHQWWR(FRV\VWHP%DVHG0DQDJHPHQW$&DVHLQWKH6KLUHWRNR:RUOG1DWXUDO +HULWDJH$UHD-DSDQ¶Marine Policy
-*&DUWHU&0:RRGDQG0%DNHUµ7KH(QYLURQPHQWDO$SSUDLVDORI1DWLRQDO3DUN 0DQDJHPHQW3ODQVLQ(QJODQGDQG:DOHV¶Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 6X]DQQH7KHUULHQ5LFKDUGV µ6($RI3DUNV&DQDGD0DQDJHPHQW 3ODQV¶ LQ 05 3DUWLGDULR DQG 5 &ODUN HGV Perspectives on Strategic Environmental Assessment &5&/HZLV
/RFNZRRG DW DO DERYH Q HPSKDVL]H WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI (,$ WR SROLFLHV DQG SURJUDPVEXWQRWSODQVS7KH\UHFRJQL]HWKHUHODWLRQVKLSRIPDQDJHPHQWSODQQLQJ with other strategic proposals, but fail to discuss assessment of management plans or DVVHVVPHQWWLHULQJLQWKLVFRQWH[WVHHWKHLUFKDSWHU
13 Antarctic TreatyRSHQHGIRUVLJQDWXUH'HFHPEHU8176HQWHUHG LQWR IRUFH-XQH)RUGLVFXVVLRQVHH5LFDUGR05RXUDDQG$ODQ'+HPPLQJV µ5HDOLVLQJ 6WUDWHJLF (QYLURQPHQWDO $VVHVVPHQW LQ $QWDUFWLFD¶ Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management
14 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, opened for signature 2FWREHU,/0HQWHUHGLQWRIRUFH-DQXDU\µ0DGULG3URWRFRO¶
15 Committee for Environmental Protection, Report of the Committee for Environmental Protection &(3 ;,, %DOWLPRUH $SULO ± $SSHQGL[ , )RU GLVFXVVLRQVHH6LPRQ0DUVGHQµ,QWURGXFLQJ6WUDWHJLF(QYLURQPHQWDO$VVHVVPHQWWRWKH 0DGULG3URWRFRO/HVVRQVIURP,QWHUQDWLRQDO([SHULHQFH¶The Polar Journal
DUHDFRYHUHGE\WKH&RQYHQWLRQRQWKH&RQVHUYDWLRQRI$QWDUFWLF0DULQH/LYLQJ 5HVRXUFHV &&$0/5 D SDUW RI WKH$76 LQFOXGHV$XVWUDOLD¶V VXE$QWDUFWLF ([WHUQDO7HUULWRU\+HDUG,VODQGDQG0F'RQDOG,VODQGV+,0,ZKLFKLVWKHIRFXV RIWKLVFKDSWHU$VDVXE$QWDUFWLFH[WHUQDOWHUULWRU\RI$XVWUDOLD+,0,LVEH\RQG WKH MXULVGLFWLRQ RI WKH$76 JHQHUDOO\ ZKLFK GRHV QRW H[WHQG WKLV IDU QRUWK KRZHYHU WKH3DUWLHV WR&&$0/5ZKLFKH[WHQGVDVIDUQRUWKDV WKH$QWDUFWLF Convergence), work in close connection with the Parties to the Madrid Protocol, DQGPDQ\RIWKHPDUHLQIDFWWKHVDPH
The chapter considers the potential application of SEA to the planning and PDQDJHPHQWRI+,0,DVDPDULQHUHVHUYHDQGWKHDFWXDODSSOLFDWLRQWRWKHUHVRXUFH rich waters of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) surrounding it, in particular WKH¿VKHU\$V VXFK LW H[DPLQHV WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ DQ03$DQG UHODWHG EXWXQSURWHFWHGZDWHUV ,W LVDUJXHG WKDW WKHSODQQLQJDQGDVVHVVPHQWSURFHVVHV XQGHUWDNHQ WRGDWHKDYHEHHQKLQGHUHGE\ LQFRQVLVWHQW ODZDQGXQLPSOHPHQWHG SROLF\ ZKLFK KDYH IDLOHG WR HIIHFWLYHO\ SODQ DQG PDQDJH WKH HFRV\VWHP DV D ZKROH18,W¿UVWH[DPLQHVLQWHUQDWLRQDOH[SHULHQFHZLWK6($RIPDQDJHPHQWSODQV and assessment tiering, before outlining the planning and management regime of +,0,7KH6($RI WKH+,0,)LVKHU\0DQDJHPHQW3ODQDQGSUHSDUDWLRQRI WKH 0DULQH5HVHUYH0DQDJHPHQW3ODQ ZKLFKZDVQRW DVVHVVHG LV WKHQGLVFXVVHG DQGWKH+,0,H[SHULHQFHDQDO\VHG,QWKHOLJKWRIWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI$XVWUDOLDQ 0DULQH%LRUHJLRQDO3ODQV19 recommendations that these be extended, and work
Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, opened IRUVLJQDWXUH$XJXVW,/0HQWHUHGLQWRIRUFH$SULOµ&&$0/5¶ 6HH*DLO//XJWHQµ1HW*DLQRU1HW/RVV"$XVWUDOLDDQG6RXWKHUQ2FHDQ)LVKLQJ¶LQ/RUQH .ULZRNHQ-XOLD-DERXUDQG$ODQ+HPPLQJVHGVLooking South: Australia’s Antarctic Agenda )HGHUDWLRQ3UHVV
)RU H[DPSOHV RI WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ WKHVH LQWHUQDWLRQDO LQVWUXPHQWV RI UHOHYDQFHWR3$VVHH'HFLVLRQ±$7&0;;9,,,±&(39,,,6WRFNKROP±Marine Protected AreasDGRSWHG-XQHDQG5HVROXWLRQ±$7&0;;;,9±&(3 ;,9%XHQRV$LUHV±Revised Guide to the Preparation of Management Plans for Antarctic Specially Protected AreasDGRSWHG-XO\7KH¿UVWUHTXLUHVWKDWSULRUDSSURYDOIURP WKH&RPPLVVLRQRI&&$0/5EHREWDLQHGIRUSURSRVDOVIRU$QWDUFWLF6SHFLDOO\3URWHFWHG $UHDVRU$QWDUFWLF6SHFLDOO\0DQDJHG$UHDVXQGHU WKH0DGULG3URWRFROZKLFKFRQWDLQ PDULQHDUHDV7KHVHFRQGXSGDWHVDSUHYLRXVJXLGHWRUHÀHFWEHVWSUDFWLFHDOWKRXJKWKHUH LVQRUHIHUHQFHWR6($
18 The overlap between international resource management regimes has also been QRWHGLQUHVSHFWRIWKHVXE$QWDUFWLF6HH'RQDOG5RWKZHOOµ&RQVHUYDWLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQW )UDPHZRUNVIRU6XE$QWDUFWLF,QWHUQDWLRQDO:DWHUV¶Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania
'HSDUWPHQWRI(QYLURQPHQW:DWHU+HULWDJHDQGWKH$UWVAustralian Government, Fact Sheet – Marine Bioregional Planning – the Process 0DUFKVHHKWWSZZZ HQYLURQPHQWJRYDXPES
,Q WKH OHJLVODWLYH UHYLHZ RI WKH HQYLURQPHQW SURWHFWLRQ ODZ NQRZQ DV WKH Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (3%& $FW 6HH 'HSDUWPHQWRIWKH(QYLURQPHQW:DWHU+HULWDJHDQGWKH$UWVIndependent Review of the
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International Experience with SEA of Management Plans and Assessment Tiering
7KHUHDUHPDQ\EHQH¿WVWKDWFRPHIURPDSSO\LQJ6($WRSURSRVDOVIRFXVHGRQ environmental protection, including avoidance of unforeseen and cumulative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
Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (DEWHA, 2009), Chapter 6WUDWHJLF$VVHVVPHQWVDQG%LRUHJLRQDO3ODQQLQJKWWSZZZHQYLURQPHQWJRYDXHSEF UHYLHZSXEOLFDWLRQVSXEVLQWHULPUHSRUWSGI
%RWK WKH (XURSHDQ 6($ 'LUHFWLYH DQG 6($ 3URWRFRO GH¿QH HQYLURQPHQWDO HIIHFW EURDGO\ZLWK WKLV LQPLQG 'LUHFWLYH$QQH[ , QRWH 3URWRFRO$UWLFOH 6HH Directive 2001/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 June 2001 on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment >@2-/Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, opened for signature Kiev, 0D\XQUHSRUWHG HQWHUHGLQWRIRUFH-XO\µ6($3URWRFRO¶
22 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, RSHQHGIRUVLJQDWXUH1RYHPEHU,/0 HQWHUHGLQWRIRUFH'HFHPEHU µ:RUOG+HULWDJH&RQYHQWLRQ¶)RUUHOHYDQFHDQGUHODWLRQVKLSZLWKSURWHFWHGDUHDV VHH/DXVFKHDQG%XUKHQQHDERYHQ±
23 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat RSHQHG IRU VLJQDWXUH )HEUXDU\ ,/0 (entered into force 21 'HFHPEHU µ5DPVDU&RQYHQWLRQ¶ )RU UHOHYDQFH DQG UHODWLRQVKLSZLWK SURWHFWHG DUHDVVHH/DXVFKHDQG%XUKHQQHDERYHQ±
6HH /DXVFKH DQG %XUKHQQH DERYH Q ± ZLWK QRWDEOH UHIHUHQFH WR WKH importance of the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in DecisionMaking and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters, opened for signature 25 June 8176HQWHUHGLQWRIRUFH0D\µ$DUKXV&RQYHQWLRQ¶
7KH5DPVDU&RQYHQWLRQ6HFUHWDULDW DQG WKH ,8&1KDYHEHHQH[SORULQJ WKH LPSRUWDQFHRILPSDFWDVVHVVPHQWWRWKHELRGLYHUVLW\FRQYHQWLRQVIRUVRPHWLPH LQFOXGLQJ WKH5DPVDU25 DQG:RUOG+HULWDJH&RQYHQWLRQV7KLVPD\H[WHQG WR WKHDSSOLFDWLRQRI6($ WRPDQDJHPHQWSODQV$VPDQ\:RUOG+HULWDJH$UHDV comprise both terrestrial and marine elements,28 it has been argued that SEA VKRXOGEHDSSOLHG WR WKHHFRV\VWHPDVDZKROH LQ063SURFHVVHV WRGHWHUPLQH SROLF\DQGSODQQLQJSULRULWLHVDQGDYRLGFXPXODWLYHHIIHFWV29+,0,DW¿UVWDSSHDUV XQXVXDOZLWKLQWKH$QWDUFWLFVSKHUHRILQÀXHQFHIRUKDYLQJ:RUOG+HULWDJHVWDWXV EHFDXVH$UWLFOH,9RIWKH$QWDUFWLF7UHDW\SUHYHQWVIXUWKHUWHUULWRULDOFODLPVWRWKH FRQWLQHQWKRZHYHUWKHIDFWWKDW+,0,OLHVRXWVLGHWKH$76DUHDDQGWKDW$XVWUDOLDQ VRYHUHLJQW\KDVQRWEHHQFRQWHVWHGH[SODLQVZK\*HQHUDOWUHQGVLQ063KDYH
5DPVDU 6WUDWHJLF 3ODQ $FWLRQ FDOOV IRU WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI 6($ WRJHWKHU with integrated environmental management when assessing impacts from development SURSRVDOV RU FKDQJH LQ ODQG RU ZDWHU XVH )RXQG DW KWWSZZZUDPVDURUJ 1RWH DOVR WKH+DQGERRNRQ($&KDSWHUDQGVHH$%DJULDQG)9RUKLHVµ7KH5DPVDU &RQYHQWLRQDQG,PSDFW$VVHVVPHQW¶SDSHUSUHVHQWHGWRWKHWK0HHWLQJRIWKH&RQIHUHQFH RIWKH&RQWUDFWLQJ3DUWLHVWRWKH&RQYHQWLRQRQ:HWODQGV6DQ-RVH&RVWD5LFD
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EHHQH[WHQVLYHO\UHSRUWHGRQ31 and examples of SEA being applied to resource GHYHORSPHQWLQFRDVWDODUHDVDUHJURZLQJ32
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$VVHVVPHQW WLHULQJZKHUHE\KLJKHU OHYHOSURSRVDOVDUHDVVHVVHGEHIRUHDQG related to lower level ones, has been found to be essential for successful SEA, EXWLWLVRIWHQKLQGHUHGE\WKHSUHVHQFHRIGLVWLQFWOHJDODQGSROLF\UHTXLUHPHQWV ,Q(XURSHZKHUHWKHODZLVPRVWGHYHORSHGWKH6($+DELWDWV:DWHU)UDPHZRUN DQG 3XEOLF 3DUWLFLSDWLRQ 'LUHFWLYHV DOO FRQWDLQ SURYLVLRQV IRU RU RI UHOHYDQFH
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34 Note the Treaty between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic on cooperation in the Maritime Areas Adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories, Heard Island and the McDonald Islands, Australia-France, VLJQHG1RYHPEHU8176HQWHUHGLQWRIRUFH)HEUXDU\2WKHU WKDQHQFRXUDJLQJFRRSHUDWLYHVFLHQWL¿FUHVHDUFK LQWRPDULQH OLYLQJUHVRXUFHV WKH7UHDW\ GRHVQRWKDYHUHOHYDQFHIRUWKLVFKDSWHU
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7KRPDV )LVFKHU Theory and Practice of SEA – Towards a More Systematic Approach (DUWKVFDQ
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