ABSTRACT
The victory of the Brexit camp in the 2016 United Kingdom (UK) referendum on whether to stay or leave the European Union (EU) represents a turning point in the history of European integration. The vote to Leave was 51.9 per cent, while 48.1 per cent voted to Remain. England and Wales supported Leave with 53.4 per cent and 52.5 per cent respectively, while Scotland and Northern Ireland had a Remain majority with 62 per cent and 55.8 per cent respectively. In England, London voted overwhelmingly to Remain but most other areas voted to Leave, including the West Midlands (59 per cent), East Midlands (59 per cent) and the North East (58 per cent). Leave gained votes from both Labour and Conservative voters, cutting across party lines.
