ABSTRACT
Populism in the Middle East has a relatively long history. Examples in the twentieth century are Nasser’s populism in Egypt (Hibbard and Layton 2010; Di Tella 1997; Nedelcu 2014), Kemalism in Turkey (Karpat 1963; Keli 1980; Di Tella 1997), and Menahem Begin’s Likud party in Israel (Filc 2006, 2010; Shapiro 1991, 1996). Populism in the Middle East, though, does not only belong to the mid-twentieth century, but is still a significant presence in countries such as Egypt, Iran, Israel, and Turkey (Hadiz 2016). The present chapter will discuss populism in the last three countries, each one presenting different variants and developments of the populist phenomenon.
