ABSTRACT
Traditional 1 knowledge systems consist of the information, beliefs, traditions, practices, institutions, and worldviews developed and sustained by Indigenous and rural communities. Traditional knowledge systems are often seen as an adaptive strategy to the environment in which communities live and include information, practices, and institutions related to many spheres of community life, from medicinal to astronomical or agricultural information (Berkes et al. 2000; Reyes-García et al. 2016). As an adaptive strategy, these knowledge systems provide place-based communities with information to deal with everyday life issues, while considering the long-time maintenance of the ecological system in which they are embedded. Traditional agricultural knowledge (TAK) refers to the locally adapted systems developed by farmers and other place-based communities around the world through their interaction with nature in order to support food production in a way that is environmentally and culturally adapted to the specific characteristics of each context (Malezieux 2012; Gilles et al. 2013; Vandermeer and Perfecto 2013). TAK systems encompass information about how to recognize and efficiently manage agricultural landscapes and agroecosystem elements (i.e., knowledge on storage and culinary characteristics of crop landraces) (Riu-Bosoms et al. 2014; Calvet-Mir et al. 2010).
