ABSTRACT
In 1968, a Belgrade University student crossed the French frontier into Spain. As the student recounted to the Yugoslav publication Student with relief, the Spanish border was “open just like any other European border,” and he experienced no more surveillance than “the astonished eyes and winning smile of the border guard.” 1 If the Yugoslav’s apprehensions about entering Spain had been temporarily alleviated, the gloomy weather of the northern coastal city of San Sebastian restored his sense of foreboding, “not knowing what to expect” in a country with a right-wing dictatorship. As the traveler reported, he anticipated arrest or police harassment at any moment, since “shackles, [or] a whip” were the images that he associated with Spain.
