ABSTRACT
The previous parts have shown the use of historical GIS in a range of subjects where the use of GIS has reached maturity leading to scholarship that has delivered new understandings. This has occurred in a range of subjects: population and demographic history, economic history, urban history, rural and environmental history, and political history. These fields are all well-suited to GIS because they all make extensive use of quantitative or cartographic sources that can be effectively modelled and analysed within a GIS environment. This has led to a situation where GIS has become an established approach in fields where quantitative sources can be used, but has left the field as largely irrelevant to much of mainstream history which does not use these types of source or approach There has been much resulting critiquing of the limitations of historical GIS and currently conceived. 1
