ABSTRACT
Parenting has played a central role in resilience science and its applications from the earliest days of research concerned with risk and protective processes for human development (Luthar, Crossman, and Small, 2015; Masten, 2014b; Masten and Cicchetti, 2016). Neglectful, inept, and abusive parenting styles have been studied as sources of risk, trauma, and threats to positive child development, and multiple aspects of parenting, including sensitivity, warmth, monitoring, and consistent discipline, have been examined as influences on positive adaptation to adversity. In addition, intervention research has targeted diverse parenting processes, ranging from responsive caregiving and cognitive stimulation to family routines and school involvement, as a means of mitigating risk and promoting or protecting healthy development for children endangered by a wide range of adverse experiences (Masten and Cicchetti, 2016).
