ABSTRACT
In the introduction to this book organizations are portrayed as reluctant to engage in the difficult challenge of introspection. Basic assumptions underlying organization policies and operations are seldom questioned by responsible managers, resulting in a continuous process of superficially examining problems without arriving at permanent solutions. Limited incentives exist for program managers to critically review their program policies and activities, since the outcomes are generally unpredictable and the potential negative consequences are often perceived to outweigh the problematic positive outcomes.
