ABSTRACT
The agricultural sectors of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines share many commonalities. A diverse array of actors, including subsistence farmers, industrial producers, national and international agri-business firms, government research institutions, and universities comprise the agricultural sectors of these countries. Their staple crops, geographies, and climates are similar, as are the environmental, social, and economic issues that affect farming in these territories. Furthermore, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines have in some ways taken analogous approaches to establishing national intellectual property laws for plant varieties. All three countries have enacted and implemented sui generis plant variety protection (PVP) legislation that responds to the needs of both industrial and subsistence-based farming systems.
