ABSTRACT
This chapter explores how developing countries are responding to and being affected by the transformations in the international order, with special reference to Turkey and BRICS. The global system is passing through sea changes, and the rules, norms and practices of the liberal order are becoming increasingly contested. The global diffusion of power and the accompanying rise of emerging economies such as BRICS and near-BRICS are contributing to the emergence of a new world dis-order. The chapter offers a push-and-pull framework to account for the changing forms of state–market relations in developing economies in a changing international system. It argues that the internal crises of neoliberal economic paradigm constitute the “push” dynamics for countries located in the periphery of global capitalism. It, furthermore, suggests that the “pull” dynamics also inform the economic paradigms and political regimes in developing countries. Accordingly, in the post-hegemonic era, the emerging great powers seem to have demonstration effects for developing countries, as they rely on distinct economic and political models, called “state capitalism”. The chapter, with particular reference to the interactions between BRICS and Turkey, aims to explore how push and pull dynamics operate at the international level.
