ABSTRACT
Dana (1954) argued for the necessity of an empirical measure of the orientation aspect of personality theory. Dana’s operational definition of personality orientation represents relative resistance to the test-taking environment, reflected by the stimulus cards themselves as well as explicit directions given. In response to research marginalizing the diagnostic efficacy of objective TAT approaches, Dana (1955a) introduced a new low-inference scoring system that was designed to differentiate among normal, neurotic, and psychotic groups.
