ABSTRACT
Over the next two decades, it is anticipated that tobacco use will be the cause of death for more than eight million people annually, 80% from low-and middle-income nations (World Health Organization [WHO], 2012). Five million annual deaths are attributed to direct smoking, and another 600,000 people die as a result of second-hand smoke inhalation (WHO, 2012). Third-hand smoke, which is the accumulation of second-hand smoke on surfaces that become more toxic with time (Martins-Green et al., 2014), may also possibly cause health risks to people who are exposed (Matt et al., 2011). As a primary risk factor for a broad range of diseases, including certain cancers and respiratory and cerebrovascular diseases (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2014), smoking is one of the most addictive habits and the leading preventable risk factor for disease morbidity and mortality (Bullen, 2008).
