ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION T to describing and analyzing vowel production, namely, articulatory, acoustic, and auditory approaches, are each associated with advantages and disadvantages (Howard & Heselwood, 2002). Articulatory-instrumental techniques such as electromagnetic articulatography (EMA), x-ray, ultrasound, and electromyography provide direct or indirect information about the position and movement of the articulators (particularly the tongue) during vowel production. However, these techniques are generally expensive and require specialist training for administration and analysis. Furthermore, they provide no information regarding what the listener perceives as a result of the production.
