Introduction

Enrico Ferri (1856-1929) once remarked that with the death of Cesare Lombroso (1835-1909): the criminal sciences had lost its imagination and luster (Ferri 1912). No longer having Lombroso there to guide, provoke, or initiate discussions suggesting new perspectives and avenues of thought, Ferri thought that Lombroso and those scientists following him in the early stages of criminal anthropology had exhausted and covered most of the aspects as to how to understand the tropes of crime.