Overvoltages Caused by Direct Lightning Strokes

A lightning stroke is defined as a direct stroke if it hits either the tower or the shield wire or the phase conductor. This is illustrated in Figure 7.1. When the insulator string at a tower flashes over by direct hit either to the tower or to the shield wire along the span, it is called a backflash; if the insulator string flashes over by a strike to the phase conductor, it is called a shielding failure for a line shielded by shield wires. Of course, for an unshielded line, insulator flashover is caused by backflash when the stroke hits the tower or by direct contact with the phase conductor. In the analysis of performance and protection of power systems, the most important parameter that must be known is the insulation strength of the system. It is not a unique number. It varies according to the type of the applied voltage, for example, DC, AC, lightning, or switching surges. For the purpose of lightning performance, the insulation strength has been defined in two ways: basic impulse insulation level (BIL) and critical flashover voltage (CFO or V₅₀). BIL has been defined in two ways. The statistical BIL is the crest value of a standard (1.2/50 μs) lightning impulse voltage, which the insulation will withstand with a probability of 90% under specified conditions. The conventional BIL is the crest value of a standard lightning impulse voltage, which the insulation will withstand for a specific number of applications under specified conditions. CFO or V₅₀ is the crest value of a standard lightning impulse voltage, which the insulation will withstand during 50% of the applications. In this chapter, we will use the conventional BIL as the insulation strength under lightning impulse voltages. Analysis of direct strokes to overhead lines can be divided into two classes: unshielded lines and shielded lines. The first discussion involves the unshielded lines. Figure 7.1 Illustration of direct lightning strokes to line: (1) backflash caused by direct stroke to tower, (2) backflash caused by direct stroke to shield wire, and (3) insulator flashover by direct stroke to phase conductor (shielding failure). https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-u.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315217222/122b661d-0d00-4221-a6b4-e915b4a4fe10/content/fig7_1.tif"/>