ABSTRACT
49.1 Introduction 563 49.2 Surgical anatomy of perforating veins 563 49.3 Significance of perforating veins 564 49.4 Indications for perforator interruption 564 49.5 Pre-operative evaluation 565 49.6 Open surgical techniques 565 49.7 Endoscopic surgical techniques 565 49.8 Ultrasound-guided techniques 568 49.9 Results of perforator ablation 568 49.10 Conclusions 572 References 573
