ABSTRACT
Many studies have investigated whether there are responses to different kinds of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure regimes in different cell types in vitro, showing both the presence and absence of effects. The reasons for the diverse outcomes can be based on various factors such as that there are no effects to detect at all, the effects are too subtle and difficult to detect in comparison to effects caused by other stressors (chemicals, UV, or ionizing radiation), or there are too many experimental variables that are not well controlled. This list can be expanded; however, the main problem is that no generally accepted mechanism or hypothesis exists that explains the mode of interaction between living matter and EMF at low levels.
