It Is a Matter of Heart: C-Level Executives Detect Their Heartbeat Better than Other Company Members Do

Interoception awareness (IA) is commonly defined as the self-appreciation of the information flow from the internal organs (Critchley & Garfinkel, 2017). IA has been posed as the center of the theory of emotion, suggesting that emotional feelings are heavily related to central representation and the perception of changes in bodily physiology (Lange & James, 1967). As a consequence, persons who are more sensitive to bodily responses experience emotions with increased strength (Wiens, Mezzacappa, and Katkin, 2000).